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Rumford Medal

(Redirected from Rumford medal)
Not to be confused with Rumford Prize.

The Rumford Medal is an award bestowed by the Royal Society for "outstanding contributions in the field of physics". The award is named in honour of British scientist Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, who is noted for his works on thermodynamics and for establishing the Royal Institution. The award was created in 1796 after Thompson transferred £1,000 to the Royal Society in stocks, instructing the latter to grant the awardee the fund's interest as a premium. Thompson was awarded the inaugural award in 1800.[2]

Rumford Medal
refer to caption
Count Rumford (Sir Benjamin Thompson), for whom the award is named.
Awarded for"outstanding contributions in the field of physics"[1]
Date1800 (1800)
Country United Kingdom
Presented byRoyal Society
Websiteroyalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/rumford-medal

The award initially consisted of two medals, one each in silver and gold, struck in the same die.[3] This was later replaced with a single medal made of silver gilt. The medal is awarded with a cash prize of £2,000.[4] British painter Robert Smirke created the original design of the medal. The diameter of the medal is 3 inches (7.62 cm). The obverse featured a tripod altar with a flame upon it, circumscribed by a Latin inscription from Lucretius' poem De rerum natura "Noscere quae vis et causa". The reverse had the Latin inscription "Proemium optime merenti ex instituto Benj. a Rumford, S.R.I. Comitis: adjudicatum a Reg. Soc. Lond." surrounded by an ornamental border of leaves.[5] This design was discontinued in 1863. As of 2024, the obverse of the medal has a portrait of Thompson, surrounded by the Latin inscription "Beniamin Ab Rvmford S. Rom. Imp. Comes Institvit" ("Benjamin Rumford, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, founded this"), with the Roman numeral MDCCXCVI (1796) on the exergue. The reverse has the Latin inscription "Optime In Lvcis Caloqisqve Natvra Exqvirena Merenti Adivdicat Soc: Reg: Lond." ("The Royal Society of London awards this to one outstandingly deserving in investigating the nature of light and heat") inscribed within a wreath of oak and laurel leaves bound with ribbons.[6][7]

All citizens or residents of the Commonwealth of Nations or the Republic of Ireland for more than three years are eligible for the medal. Candidates for the medal are selected by the Royal Society Council on the recommendations of the Physical Sciences Awards Committee.[1] Ten times during the early 19th century, no medals were awarded due to the unavailability of suitable candidates or political considerations of the Royal Society Council.[2][8]

Since its inception, the medal has been granted to 108 scientists. It has been awarded to citizens of the United Kingdom sixty-seven times,[a] France fourteen times, Germany seven times,[b] the Netherlands seven times, Sweden four times, the United States thrice, Italy twice, Hungary twice,[c] and once each to citizens of Australia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Mexico and New Zealand. The medal has been awarded to multiple individuals twice: in 1896, to Philipp Lenard and Wilhelm Röntgen and in 1918, to Charles Fabry and Alfred Perot. From 1800 to 2018, the medal was awarded biennially; since then it has been awarded annually. The most recent recipient is British physicist Tony Bell, who received it in 2024. British academic and engineer Polina Bayvel is the only female recipient.[9]

List of recipients

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List of recipients of the Rumford Medal
Year Portrait Name Nationality Rationale Notes
1800   Benjamin Thompson   American
  British		 "For his various Discoveries respecting Heat and Light" [d][11][12]
1802 No award
1804   John Leslie   British "For his Experiments on Heat, published in his Work, entitled an Experimental Inquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat." [13][14]
1806 No award
1808   William Murdoch   British "For his publication of the employment of Gas from Coal, for the purpose of illumination" [15]
1810   Étienne-Louis Malus   French "For his discoveries of certain new Properties of Reflected Light, published in the Second Volume of the Mémoires d'Arcueil" [16][17]
1812 No award
1814 — William Charles Wells   British "For his Essay on Dew, published in the course of the preceding (1815) year" [18][19]
1816   Humphry Davy   British "For his Papers on Combustion and Flame, published in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions" [20][21]
1818   David Brewster   British "For his Discoveries relating to the Polarisation of Light" [22][23]
1820 No award
1822 No award
1824   Augustin-Jean Fresnel   French "For his development of the undulatory theory as applied to the phenomena of polarized light, and for his various important discoveries in Physical Optics" [e][25][26]
1826 No award
1828 No award
1830 No award
1832   John Frederic Daniell   British "For his paper, entitled, 'Further Experiments with a new Register Pyrometer, for measuring the Expansion of Solids,' published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1831" [27][28]
1834   Macedonio Melloni   Parmesan "For his discoveries relevant to radiant heat" [f][30][31]
1836 No award
1838   James David Forbes   British "For his 'Experiments on the Polarization of Heat,' published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" [32][33]
1840   Jean-Baptiste Biot   French "For his researches in, and connected with, the circular Polarization of Light" [34][35]
1842   William Fox Talbot   British "For his discoveries and improvements in photography" [36][37]
1844 No award
1846   Michael Faraday   British "For his discovery of the Optical Phenomena developed by the action of Magnets and Electric Currents in certain Transparent Media, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1846" [38][39]
1848   Henri Victor Regnault   French "For his 'Experiments to determine the Laws and the numerical data which enter into the calculation of Steam-Engines'" [40]
1850   François Arago   French "For his 'Experimental Investigations on Polarized Light,' the concluding memoirs on which were communicated to the Academy of Sciences of Paris during the last two years" [41]
1852   George Gabriel Stokes   British "For his 'Discovery of the Change in the Refrangibility of Light'" [42][43]
1854   Neil Arnott   British "For the successful construction of a new smoke-consuming and fuel-saving fire-grate, described in the Journal of the Society of Arts of May 12, 1854" [44]
1856   Louis Pasteur   French "For his discovery of the nature of racemic acid, and its relations to polarized light, and for the researches to which he was led by that discovery" [45]
1858   Jules Jamin   French "For his various Experimental Researches on Light" [46][47]
1860   James Clerk Maxwell   British "For his Researches on the Composition of Colours, and other Optical papers" [48][49]
1862   Gustav Kirchhoff   Prussian "For his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light" [50]
1864   John Tyndall   British "For his researches on the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours" [51]
1866   Hippolyte Fizeau   French "For his Optical Researches, and especially for his investigations into the Effect of Heat on the Refractive Power of Transparent Bodies" [52]
1868   Balfour Stewart   British "For his researches on the qualitative as well as quantitative relation between the emissive and absorptive powers of bodies for heat and light, published originally in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, and now made more generally accessible by the publication in 1866 of his treatise on heat" [50]
1870   Alfred Des Cloizeaux   French "For his researches in Mineralogical Optics" [53][54]
1872   Anders Jonas Ångström   Swedish "For his Researches on Spectral Analysis" [55]
1874   Joseph Norman Lockyer   British "For his spectroscopic researches on the sun and on the chemical elements" [56]
1876   Jules Janssen   French "For his numerous & important researches in the radiation and absorption of light, carried on chiefly by means of the spectroscope" [57][58]
1878   Alfred Cornu   French "For his various optical researches, and especially for his recent re-determination of the velocity of propagation of light" [59]
1880   William Huggins   British "For his important researches in astronomical spectroscopy, and especially for his determination of the radial component of the proper motions of stars" [60]
1882   William de Wiveleslie Abney   British "For his Photographic Researches and his discovery of the method of photographing the less refrangible part of the spectrum, especially the infra-red region; also for his Researches on the absorption of various compound bodies in this part of the spectrum" [61]
1884   Tobias Robertus Thalén   Swedish "For his spectroscopic researches" [62]
1886   Samuel Pierpont Langley   American "For his researches on the spectrum by means of the Bolometer" [63]
1888   Pietro Tacchini   Italian "For important and long-continued investigations, which have largely advanced our knowledge of the physics of the sun" [64][65]
1890   Heinrich Hertz   German "For his work in electro-magnetic radiation" [66]
1892   Nils Christoffer Dunér   Swedish "For his Spectroscopic Researches on Stars" [67]
1894   James Dewar   British "For his researches on the properties of matter at extremely low temperatures" [68][69]
1896   Philipp Lenard   Hungarian "For their investigation of the phenomena produced outside a highly exhausted vacuum tube through which electrical discharge is taking place" [g][71][72]
  Wilhelm Röntgen   German
1898   Oliver Joseph Lodge   British "For his researches in radiation and in the relations between matter and ether" [73]
1900   Henri Becquerel   French "For his discoveries in radiation proceeding from Uranium" [74]
1902   Charles Algernon Parsons   British "For his success in the application of the steam turbine to industrial purposes, and for its recent extension to navigation" [75][76]
1904   Ernest Rutherford   New Zealander "For his researches on radio-activity, particularly for his discovery of the existence and properties of the gaseous emanations from radio-active bodies" [h][78][79]
1906   Hugh Longbourne Callendar   British "For his experimental work on heat" [80]
1908   Hendrik Lorentz   Dutch "On the ground of his investigations in optical and electrical science" [81]
1910 — Heinrich Rubens   German "For his researches on radiation, especially of long wave-length" [82]
1912   Heike Kamerlingh Onnes   Dutch "For his researches at low temperatures" [83][84]
1914   John Strutt   British "For his numerous researches in optics" [85]
1916   William Henry Bragg   British "For his researches in X-ray radiation" [86]
1918   Charles Fabry   French "For their contributions to optics" [87]
  Alfred Perot
1920   Robert Strutt   British "For his researches into the properties of gases at high vacua" [88]
1922   Pieter Zeeman   Dutch "For his researches in optics" [89]
1924   Charles Vernon Boys   British "For his invention of the gas calorimeter" [90]
1926   Arthur Schuster   German
  British		 "For his services to physical science, especially in the subjects of optics and terrestrial magnetism" [91]
1928   Friedrich Paschen   German "For his contributions to the knowledge of spectra" [92]
1930   Peter Debye   Dutch "For his work relating to specific heats and X-ray spectroscopy" [93]
1932   Fritz Haber   German "For the outstanding importance of his work in physical chemistry, especially in the application of thermodynamics to chemical reactions" [94][95]
1934   Wander Johannes de Haas   Dutch "For his researches on the properties of bodies at low temperatures, and in particular, for his recent work on cooling by the use of adiabatic demagnetisation" [96]
1936 — Ernest George Coker   British "For his researches on the use of polarized light for investigating directly the stresses in transparent models of engineering structures" [97]
1938   Robert Wood   American "In recognition of his distinguished work and discoveries in many branches of physical optics" [98]
1940   Manne Siegbahn   Swedish "For his pioneer work in high precision X-ray spectroscopy and its applications" [99]
1942 — Gordon Dobson   British "For his outstanding work on the physics of the upper air and its application to meteorology" [100]
1944   Harry Ricardo   British "In recognition of his important contributions to research on the internal combustion engine, which have greatly influenced the development of the various types" [101]
1946 — Alfred Egerton   British "For his leading part in the application of modern physical chemistry to many technological problems of pressing importance" [102]
1948   Francis Simon   British "For his outstanding contributions to the attainment of low temperatures and to the study of the properties of substances at temperatures near the absolute zero" [103][104]
1950   Frank Whittle   British "For his pioneering contributions to the jet propulsion of aircraft" [105]
1952   Frits Zernike   Dutch "For his outstanding work in the development of phase-contrast microscopy" [106][107]
1954 — Cecil Reginald Burch   British "For his distinguished contributions to the technique for the production of high vacua and to the development of the reflecting microscope" [108][109]
1956 — Frank Philip Bowden   Australian "For his distinguished work on the nature of friction" [i][111]
1958 — Thomas Ralph Merton   British "For his distinguished researches in spectroscopy and optics" [112][113]
1960   Alfred Gordon Gaydon   British "For his distinguished work in the field of molecular spectroscopy and particularly its application to the study of flame phenomena" [114]
1962 — Dudley Maurice Newitt   British "For his distinguished contributions to chemical engineering" [115][116]
1964   Hendrik van de Hulst   Dutch "For his distinguished work on the scattering processes in the interplanetary medium and his prediction of the 21 cm spectral line from interstellar neutral hydrogen" [117]
1966   William Penney   British "In recognition of his distinguished and paramount personal contribution to the establishment of economic nuclear energy in Great Britain" [118][119]
1968   Dennis Gabor   Hungarian

  British

"For his contributions to optics, especially by establishing the principles of holography" [120][121]
1970 — Christopher Hinton   British "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering and of his leadership of engineering design teams in the chemical and atomic energy industries and in electricity generation" [122]
1972 — Basil John Mason   British "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to meteorology, particularly the physics of clouds" [123][124]
1974 — Alan Cottrell   British "In recognition of his contributions to physical metallurgy and particularly in extending knowledge of the role of dislocation in the fracture of metals" [125]
1976   Ilya Prigogine   Belgian "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theory of irreversible thermodynamics" [126][127]
1978   George Porter   British "In recognition of his distinguished studies of very fast chemical reactions by flash photolysis" [128][129]
1980 — William Frank Vinen   British "In recognition of his discovery of the quantum of circulation in superfluid helium and his development of new techniques for precise measurements within liquid helium" [130][131]
1982 — Charles Gorrie Wynne   British "In recognition of his unique contribution to the design of optical instruments ranging from large telescopes to bubble-chamber optics" [132]
1984 — Harold Hopkins   British "In recognition of his many contributions to the theory and design of optical instruments, especially of a wide variety of important new medical instruments which have made a major contribution to clinical diagnosis and surgery" [133]
1986 — Denis Rooke   British "In recognition of his contributions to scientific developments in the gas industry" [134][135]
1988 — Felix Weinberg   Czech
  British		 "In recognition of his pioneering work on optical diagnostics and electrical aspects of combustion and his fundamental studies of flame problems associated with jet engines and furnaces" [136][137]
1990 — Walter Eric Spear   German "For discovering and applying techniques for depositing and characterising thin films of high quality amorphous silicon and for demonstrating that these can be doped to give useful electronic devices, such as cost-effective solar cells and large arrays of thin film transistors, now used in commercial, flat-panel, LCD colour TV screens" [138][139]
1992 — Harold Neville Vazeille Temperley   British "In recognition of his wide-ranging and imaginative contributions to applied mathematics and statistical physics, especially in the physical properties of liquids and the development of the Temperley-Lieb algebra" [140][141]
1994 — Andrew Keller   British "In recognition of his contributions to polymer science, in particular his elucidation of the basis of polymeric crystallization, a fundamental ingredient in many materials, to methods of making strong fibres and to the understanding of polymer solutions which underlie this technology" [142]
1996 — Grenville Turner   British "In recognition of his work on the 40Ar/39Ar method of dating developing this technique to a sophisticated level and one which is widely used for dating extraterrestrial and terrestrial rocks" [143][144]
1998   Richard Friend   British "In recognition of his leading research in the development of polymer-based electronics and optoelectronics leading to a very rapid growth of development activities aimed at plastic electronic displays, with advantages of very low cost, flexibility, and the option of curved or flat surfaces" [145][144]
2000 — Wilson Sibbett   British "In recognition of his research on ultra-short pulse laser science and technology." [146][147]
2002   David King   South African
  British		 "For outstanding contributions to our fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of reaction processes on solid surfaces" [148][149]
2004 — Richard Dixon   British "In recognition of his many contributions to molecular spectroscopy and to the dynamics of molecular photodissociation" [150][151]
2006 — Jean-Pierre Hansen   Luxembourger "For his pioneering work on molten salts and dense plasmas that has led the way to a quantitative understanding of the structure and dynamics of strongly correlated ionic liquids" [152][153]
2008 — Edward Hinds   British "For his extensive and highly innovative work in ultra-cold matter" [154][155]
2010 — Gilbert George Lonzarich   British "For his outstanding work into novel types of quantum matter using innovative instrumentation and techniques" [156]
2012   Roy Taylor   British "For his outstanding contributions to tunable ultrafast lasers and nonlinear fibre optics, including fibre Raman, soliton and supercontinuum laser sources, which translated fundamental discoveries to practical technology" [157][158]
2014   Jeremy Baumberg   British "For his outstanding creativity in nanophotonics, investigating many ingenious nanostructures, both artificial and natural to support novel plasmonic phenomena relevant to Raman spectroscopy, solar cell performance and meta-materials applications." [159][160]
2016 — Ortwin Hess   German

  British

"For his pioneering work in active nano-plasmonics and optical metamaterials with quantum gain." [161][162]
2018 — Ian Walmsley   British "For pioneering work in the quantum control of light and matter on ultrashort timescales, especially the invention and application of new techniques for characterization of quantum and classical light fields." [163][164]
2019   Miles Padgett   British "For world leading research on optical orbital momentum including an angular form of the Einstein-Padolsky-Rosen paradox" [165][166]
2020   Patrick Gill   British "For his development of optical atomic clocks of exquisite precision, of ultra-stable lasers and of frequency standards for fundamental physics, quantum information processing, space science, satellite navigation and Earth observation." [167][168]
2021   Carlos Frenk   Mexican

  British

"For revealing via elaborate computer simulations, how small fluctuations in the early universe develop into today’s galaxies." [169][170]
2022   Raymond Pierrehumbert   American "For his wide-ranging contributions to atmospheric physics, employing fundamental principles of physics to elucidate phenomena across the spectrum of planetary atmospheres." [171][172]
2023   Polina Bayvel   British "For pioneering contributions to the fundamental physics and nonlinear optics, enabling the realisation of high capacity, broad bandwidth, multi-wavelength, optical communication systems that have underpinned the information technology revolution." [173][9]
2024   Tony Bell   British "For his seminal contributions to theoretical developments of cosmic ray acceleration and origins." [174][175]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ This number includes three scientists of mixed background. They are Ortwin Hess (German/British), Dennis Gabor (Hungarian/British) and Carlos Frenk (Mexican/British).
  2. ^ This number includes Ortwin Hess, who is of mixed background (German/British).
  3. ^ This number includes Dennis Gabor, who is of mixed background (Hungarian/British).
  4. ^ Thompson received the medal in 1804.[10]
  5. ^ Fresnel was awarded the Rumford Medal for the year 1824 in 1827.[24]
  6. ^ At the time of the award, Melloni was living as a refugee in France for his role in the rebellion of 1831 in Parma.[29]
  7. ^ At the time of the award, Lenard was living in Germany, though he retained his Hungarian citizenship.[70]
  8. ^ At the time of the award, Rutherford was living in Montreal, working at McGill University.[77]
  9. ^ At the time of the award, Bowden was living in the United Kingdom.[110]

References

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