In Ayurvedic medicine rasaśāstra (रसशास्त्र), refers to processes by which various metals, minerals and other substances, including most notably mercury, are purified and combined with herbs in an attempt to treat illnesses.[1][2] Rasaśāstra is a pharmaceutical branch of Indian system of medicine and a genre of literature[3] which mainly deals with the metals, minerals, product of animal origin, toxic herbs and their use in therapeutics.[4]
Origin
editThe Jain Digambara Jain Kalyāṇakāraka is the earliest medical work to contain alchemical content. It gives descriptions for the processing of mercury and uses technical terminology related to the procedures and implements required for alchemy.[5] It is the first work to describe purifying (śodhana) and calcining (māraṇaʼ) mercury for medicinal use. The first work of the Sanskrit alchemical literary genre called rasaśāstra is the 10th century Rasahṛdayatantra. The texts 19 chapters focus on the processing mercury, outlines 18 means to process mercury and discusses the transmutation of metals and the body.[6]
Methods
edit.jpg)
Early medical texts, especially the Carakasaṃhitā and Suśrutasaṃhitā, are often claimed to contain early references to rasaśāstra. Where these texts use the word rasa, later commentators interpret rasa as mercury, despite the word having various other meanings.[7] The earliest mentions of mercury are to the unprocessed substance and it is not until the 9th century Kalyāṇakāraka that we find recipes for purifying and calcination.[8] The 13th century Śārṅgadharasaṃhitā also contains elaborate descriptions of the processing and uses of mercury.[9]
An important feature is the use of metals, including several that are toxic. In addition to mercury, gold, silver, iron, copper, tin, lead, zinc and bell metal are used. In addition to these metals, salts and other substances such as coral, seashells, and feathers are also used.[10]
The usual means used to administer these substances is by preparations called bhasma, Sanskrit for "ash". Calcination, which is described in the literature of the art as śodhana, "purification", is the process used to prepare these bhasma for administration. Sublimation and the preparation of a mercury sulfide are also in use in the preparation of its materia medica. A variety of methods are used to achieve this. One involves the heating of thin sheets of metal and then immersing them in oil (taila), extract (takra), cow urine (gomutra) and other substances.[11] Others are calcined in crucibles heated with fires of cow dung (puttam).[12] Ayurvedic practitioners believe that this process of purification removes undesirable qualities and enhances their therapeutic power.[13]
Toxicity
editModern medicine finds that mercury is inherently toxic, and that its toxicity is not due to the presence of impurities. While mercury does have anti-microbial properties, and used to be widely used in Western medicine, its toxicity does not warrant the risk of using it as a health product in most circumstances.[14] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have also reported a number of cases of lead poisoning associated with Ayurvedic medicine.[15] Other incidents of heavy metal poisoning have been attributed to the use of rasashastra compounds in the United States, and arsenic has also been found in some of the preparations, which have been marketed in the United States under trade names such as "AyurRelief", "GlucoRite", "Acnenil", "Energize", "Cold Aid", and "Lean Plus".[16]
Ayurvedic practitioners claim that these reports of toxicity are due to failure to follow traditional practices in the mass production of these preparations for sale,[17] however there is ample evidence of mercury and lead toxicity. The government of India has ordered that Ayurvedic products must specify their metallic content directly on the labels of the product;[18] however, M. S. Valiathan noted that "the absence of post-market surveillance and the paucity of test laboratory facilities [in India] make the quality control of Ayurvedic medicines exceedingly difficult at this time."[18]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Rasa Shastra – Freedom Vidya". Shrifreedom.org. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012.
- ^ Mishra, Lakshmi C. (2003). Scientific Basis for Ayurvedic Therapies. CRC Press. ISBN 9780203498583.
- ^ Wujastyk, Dagmar (2013). "Perfect Medicine: Mercury in Sanskrit Medical Literature". Asian Medicine. 8 (1): 18. doi:10.1163/15734218-12341278. ISSN 1573-420X.
- ^ Savrikar, S; Ravishankar, B (15 July 2011). "Introduction to 'Rasashaastra'- The Iatrochemistry of Ayurveda". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 8 (5S): 66–82. doi:10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5S.1. ISSN 0189-6016. PMC 3252715. PMID 22754059.
- ^ "Presentation by Dagmar Wujastyk: On medicine and alchemy in the Kalyāṇakāraka | Ayuryog". www.ayuryog.org. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
- ^ Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). A history of Indian medical literature. Groningen Oriental studies. Groningen: Forsten. pp. 616–621. ISBN 978-90-6980-124-7.
- ^ Dutt, U.C. (1922). The Materia Medica of the Hindus. Calcutta: Adi-Ayurveda Machine Press. p. 27.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Wujastyk, Dagmar (2013). "Perfect Medicine: Mercury in Sanskrit Medical Literature". Asian Medicine. 18 (1): 18. doi:10.1163/15734218-12341278. ISSN 1573-420X.
- ^ Wujastyk, Dagmar (2013). "Perfect Medicine: Mercury in Sanskrit Medical Literature". Asian Medicine. 8 (1): 19. doi:10.1163/15734218-12341278. ISSN 1573-420X.
- ^ Mishra, p. 86
- ^ Mishra, pp. 86–88
- ^ Mishra, pp. 87–88
- ^ Mishra, pp. 88
- ^ Toxicological Profile for Mercury. U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. March 1999
- ^ "Lead Poisoning Associated with Ayurvedic Medications – Five States, 2000–2003". Cdc.gov. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ^ Hammett-Stabler, Catherine A. (2011) Herbal Supplements: Efficacy, Toxicity, Interactions with Western Drugs, and Effects on Clinical Laboratory Tests. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 202–205. ISBN 0-470-43350-7
- ^ Hammett-Stabler, Catherine A. (2011) Herbal Supplements: Efficacy, Toxicity, Interactions with Western Drugs, and Effects on Clinical Laboratory Tests. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 205–206. ISBN 0-470-43350-7
- ^ a b Valiathan, M. S. (2006). "Ayurveda: Putting the House in Order". Current Science. 90 (1): 5–6.