Sukh Jiwan Mal (Persian: سکھ جیون مل, romanized: Sukh Jīwan Mal) was the Raja of Kashmir from 1754 to 1762. He rose from the rank of soldier to governor and then finally became a ruler. He was the last independent monarch of Kashmir.[1]
| Sukh Jiwan Mal | |
|---|---|
| Raja of Kashmir | |
| Reign | June 1754 – October 1762 |
| Predecessor | Position established |
| Successor | Position abolished |
| Prime Minister | Abu'l Hasan Bandey (1754–1757, 1758) Mir Muqim Kanth (1757–1758) Pandit Mahanand Dhar (1758–1762) |
| Governor of Kashmir | |
| In office 1753 – June 1754 | |
| Monarch | Ahmad Shah Durrani |
| Deputy | Khwaja Kijak Khan |
| Preceded by | Abdullah Khan Kabuli |
| Succeeded by | Nur-ud-Din Khan Bamzai (1762) |
| Deputy Governor of Kashmir | |
| In office 1752–1753 | |
| Monarch | Ahmad Shah Durrani |
| Governor | Abdullah Khan Kabuli |
| Preceded by | Abdullah Khan Kabuli |
| Succeeded by | Khwaja Kijak Khan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1720 Kabul, Durrani Empire (Present-day Kabul, Afghanistan) |
| Died | 1762 Lahore, Durrani Empire (Present-day Punjab, Pakistan) |
| Occupation |
|
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Durrani Empire Kingdom of Kashmir |
| Branch/service | Durrani Army Kashmiri Army |
| Rank | Lieutenant Faujdar Naib-Sipahsalar Subedar |
| Battles/wars |
|
Early life
editSukh Jivan Mal was born in Kabul (Afghanistan) to a Hindu Khatri family, with origins from the city of Bhera (Punjab).[2]
History
editBackground
editKashmir under Afghan rulers was in a bad state. Locals were tortured and killed during the reign of Afghans. The very first Afghan chief Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi appointed by Ahmad Shah Abdali would line up all Kashmiris whom he considered rich and would ask them to either part with their wealth or to face death. The Afghan army would often raid and loot common Kashmiri houses.[3]
Rise
editAfter the loot and plunder, Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi returned to Kabul leaving Kashmir under the charge of Abdullah Khan Kabuli. Kabuli appointed Sukh Jiwan as his chief advisor.[3] A local leader of the Kashmiri Muslims, Abu'l Hasan Bandey wanted to get rid of the cruel Afghan rulers.[1] Bandey convinced Sukh Jiwan to kill Kabuli and become independent. Subsequently, Kabuli was assassinated and Sukh Jiwan became the independent ruler after formally getting the title of Raja.[3]
Reign
editAs the ruler of Kashmir, Sukh Jiwan appointed Bandey as his prime minister. As a retaliation, Ahmad Shah Abdali sent Khwaja Kijak and Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi to Kashmir. They were both defeated. In another occasion, Afghan prisoners of war were paraded in the streets with Kashmiri crowds spitting at them.[3] The locals of Kashmir were at large happy with the smooth and efficient administration but the happiness did not last very long. A destructive famine occurred in 1755 followed by locust attack. These natural calamities forced the locals to desperately eat dead locusts.[4] Sukh Jiwan distributed 80 lakh kg rice for free among the poor people.[1]
According to Schwartz, "Kashmir's only respite from economic and political pressures during the Afghan and Sikh rule occurred during the reign of Sukh Jiwan Mal, marked by a flowering of literacy activity attached to patronage." Sukh Jiwan held weekly symposiums to which he invited all the poets. He also employed poets to produce history of Kashmir in the style of Book of Kings.[5] Under the advice of Mahanand Dhar, Sukh Jiwan in order to facilitate his work imported many Khatri Hindus from Punjab to Kashmir.[6]
Defeat
editWhen force did not work, Abdali used wit to get control of Kashmir. He attempted to destroy the good relations between Sukh Jiwan and Bandey by putting a wedge against them. Taking advantage of this situation, Abdali sent an army led by Nur-ud-Din Khan Bamzai to Kashmir. A major portion of Raja Sukh Jiwan's army including his commander-in-chief Bakth Mal betrayed him.[7] Eventually, he was captured, blinded and sent to Abdali in Lahore where he was killed by throwing him under an elephant.[3]
References
edit- ^ a b c Gupta, Hari Ram (October 2001). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls. Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0165-1.
- ^ Rashid, Abdur (1978). History of the Muslims of Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent, 1707-1806. Research Society of Pakistan.
- ^ a b c d e Jagmohan (15 November 2019). My Frozen Turbulence in Kashmir (12th Edition_Reprint 2019). Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-93-85926-56-3.
- ^ Nanda, K. K. (1 January 2013). War With No Gains (Prabhat Prakashan). Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-8430-241-7.
- ^ Schwartz, Schwartz Kevin L. (18 March 2020). Remapping Persian Literary History, 1700-1900. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-5087-4.
- ^ Suri, Inderjit Singh (2006). Lest We Forget: A History of Sikhs of Kashmir. Inderjit Singh.
- ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1944). Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab, 1707-1793. Minerva book shop.