In articulatory phonetics, trilled affricates, also known as post-trilled consonants, are consonants which begin as a stop and have a trill release. These consonants are reported to exist in some Northern Paman languages in Australia,[1] as well as in some Chapacuran languages such Wariʼ language and Austronesian languages such as Fijian and Malagasy.

Sound (voiceless) IPA Languages Sound (voiced) IPA Languages
Voiceless trilled bilabial affricate [pʙ̥] Namuyi Voiced trilled bilabial affricate [bʙ] Kele and Avava. Only reported in an allophone of [mb] before [o] or [u], Namuyi
Voiceless trilled alveolar affricate [tr̥] Ngkoth Voiced trilled alveolar affricate [dr] Nias, Fijian and Avava also have this sound after [n].
Voiceless epiglottal affricate [ʡʜ] Not attested in any natural language. Voiced epiglottal affricate [ʡʢ] Hydaburg Haida. Possibly voiceless or a stop instead. Cognate to Southern Haida [ɢ], Masset Haida [ʕ].[2]

In Fijian, trilling is rare in these sounds, and they are frequently distinguished by being postalveolar.[3] In Malagasy, they may have a rhotic release, [ʈɽ̝̊ ɳʈɽ̝̊ ɖɽ̝ ɳɖɽ̝], be simple stops, ɳʈ ɖ ɳɖ], or standard affricates, [ʈʂ ɳʈʂ ɖʐ ɳɖʐ].

Most post-trilled consonants are affricates: the stop and trill share the same place of articulation. However, there is a rare exception in a few neighboring Amazonian languages, where a voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop, [t̪͡ʙ̥] (occasionally written [tᵖ]) is reported from Pirahã and from a few words in the Chapacuran languages Wariʼ and Oro Win. In the Chapacuran languages, [tʙ̥] is reported almost exclusively before rounded vowels such as [o] and [y].

Hydaburg Haida [ʡʢ] is cognate to Southern Haida [ɢ], Masset Haida [ʕ].[2]

References

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  1. ^ Hale, Kenneth (1976). "Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages." In: Languages of Cape York, ed. Peter Sutton. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
  2. ^ a b "Bessell 1993" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-05.
  3. ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. p. 131