Pediomelum esculentum, synonym Psoralea esculenta,[2] common name prairie turnip or timpsula, is an herbaceous perennial plant native to prairies and dry woodlands of central North America, which bears a starchy tuberous root edible as a root vegetable. English names for the plant include tipsin, teepsenee, breadroot, breadroot scurf pea, large Indian breadroot, prairie potato and pomme blanche. The prairie turnip continues to be a staple food of the Plains Indians.
| Pediomelum esculentum | |
|---|---|
| |
| In bloom in Badlands National Park, South Dakota | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Faboideae |
| Genus: | Pediomelum |
| Species: | P. esculentum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pediomelum esculentum | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
A related species, Pediomelum hypogaeum (syn. Psoralea hypogaea), the little breadroot, is also edible, although the plant and root are smaller. Another species, Pediomelum argophyllum (syn. Psoralea argophylla), was probably harvested for food only in times of famine.[a]
Description and range
editThe prairie turnip has a range on the Great Plains from Manitoba south to Texas and from Wisconsin west to Montana. It grows best in full sun on well-drained and rocky or sandy soil. The plant is referred to by the Indians of Iowa as Tipsina, the seed-bearing plant is due to climatic conditions especially in high, dry spots and can be found near rivers or in the steppe.[b] The relative scarcity of the plant today compared to its previous abundance may be because most prairie has been converted to farmland or managed grassland.
The prairie turnip is a perennial, living 3 to more than 6 years.[5] In spring, several densely haired stems emerge from the ground and reach up to 30 cm (12 in), bearing palmately compound leaves divided into five leaflets. In early summer the plant produces abundant blue or purple flowers in terminal clusters 5 to 10 cm (4 in) long, leading to flattened, slender-tipped pods. Harvest of the tubers is during flowering. The flowers and flower stalk break off and disappear soon after flowering, making the plant difficult to locate. The plant grows from one or more sturdy brown roots which form rounded, spindle-shaped tubers about 7 to 10 cm (4 in) below the surface, each 4 to 10 cm (4 in) long.
The Lakota name for the plant is timpsula. The name of Topeka, the capital city of Kansas, is believed to mean a "good place to dig prairie turnips" in the Kansa and other southern Siouan languages.[6]
Harvest
editAbundant under favorable conditions, palatable, and nutritious, the prairie turnip was once a wild-gathered staple food of the Plains Indians, especially the nomads, and of early European explorers. It was harvested May through July when the blooming flower stalks were easily visible among prairie grasses. The Indians, usually women, harvested the root with a sharpened, fire-hardened digging stick. The tubers have a hard, dark skin and are peeled before eating. Some were eaten immediately, either raw or boiled, but most were dried for further use. They were sliced and sun dried, braided and hung on meat racks to dry, and pounded into flour.[7]
The prairie turnip was also a reliable food in times of shortage or famine. A number of examples have been recorded of Indians and whites subsisting on the root for extended periods when other food could not be obtained. The prairie turnip is more nutritious than most root crops, containing about 7 percent protein, more than 50 percent carbohydrates, and is rich in vitamins and trace minerals. Particularly important was the vitamin C content of 17.1 milligrams per 100 grams as the winter meat-rich diet of the Plains Indians was often deficient in vitamin C.[8][9][10]
The prairie turnip takes 2 to 4 years to grow from seed to mature root. The long period required for maturation probably limited the success of any efforts the Indians made to cultivate the plant. Garden plantings have been made by scientists to evaluate the potential for domestication.[11][12]
Culinary Use
editAs a food, the prairie turnip has been described variously as a "delicacy," "tolerably good eating," or "tasteless and insipid." Barry Kaye and D. W. Moodie describe the Native Americans’ use of it as food[13] as follows: "they eat it uncooked, or they boil it, or roast it in the embers, or dry it, and crush it to powder and make soup of it. Large quantities are stored in buffalo skin bags for winter use. A sort of pudding made of the flour of the dried roots and with the serviceberries (Amelanchier alnifolia), after boiling together, is very palatable and a favorite dish."[14]
The root can be peeled and eaten raw or cooked. The dried root can be ground into flour,[15] and then boiled with serviceberries (Amelanchier alnifolia) to make a sweet pudding.[16]
Prairie turnip flour is often used as a "secret ingredient" in modern Indian frybread recipes.[17]
References
editFootnotes
edit- ^ This paper describes the nature and role of P. esculentum and P. argophyllum as wild plant foods among the Indians of the northern plains during the fur trade period. From this analysis, it is apparent that P. argophyllum was exploited for food mainly in times of necessity. P. esculentum, in contrast, was widely and regularly used, and formed a valuable food resource of high nutritional quality. When dried or converted into flour, P. esculentum functioned as a vegetable food resource among the equestrian hunters of the northern plains in a manner akin to, but on a smaller scale than, wild rice or maize among the Indians of the more humid, wooded environments of the east. Finally, the paper suggests that it was in the plains environment, rather than in the prairie, that the Pediomelum resource played its most significant role in meeting the vegetable needs of grassland Indians in both prehistoric and historic time.[3]
- ^ This is a report by Gaudichaud and Payen on Lamare-Picquot's essay, which deals with and describes the introduction of two new food plants of P. esculentum and Apios tuberosa.[4]
- Citations
- ^ NatureServe (2024). "Pediomelum esculentum". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
- ^ a b "Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
- ^ Kaye & Moodie 1978, p. 329.
- ^ Walz 1850, p. 174-175.
- ^ Stahnke et al. 2008, p. 56.
- ^ Burgess, Barbara. "Topeka's Roots: the Prairie Potato". Barbara Burgess. Archived from the original on 2019-10-08. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
- ^ Reid 1977, pp. 322–324.
- ^ Stahnke et al. 2008, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Kaye & Moodie 1978, p. 334.
- ^ Cowen 1991, p. 317.
- ^ Stahnke et al. 2008, pp. 55–56.
- ^ Reid 1977, p. 325.
- ^ Mandelbaum, David G. (1979). The Plains Cree: An Ethnographic, Historical, and Comparative Study. Vol. 9. Regina: University of Regina Press. p. 400. ISBN 9780889770133.
- ^ Kaye & Moodie 1978, pp. 332–334.
- ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
- ^ Freedman, Robert Louis (1976). "Native North American Food Preparation Techniques". Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana (1973-1979). 38 (47). Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 126. JSTOR 43996285., s.v. Prairie Turnip Hidatsa
- ^ "Prairie Turnip". The Weekly South Dakotan. Retrieved 2023-08-01. [failed verification]
Works cited
edit- Cowen, Ron (May 18, 1991). "The Sacred Turnip". Science News. Vol. 139, no. 20. pp. 316–317.
- Kaye, Barry; Moodie, D. W. (Nov 1978). "The Psoralea Food Ressource of the Northern plains". Plains Anthropologist. 23 (82, Part l). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 329–336. JSTOR 25667478.
- Reid, Kenneth C. (Nov 1977). "Psoralea esculenta as a Prairie Resource: An Ethnographic Appraisal". Plains Anthropologist. 22 (78, Part l): 321–327. doi:10.1080/2052546.1977.11908869. JSTOR 25667410.
- Stahnke, April; Hayes, Michelle; Meyer, Karen; Witt, Karla; Weideman, Jeanna; Fernando, Anne P.; Burrows, Rhoda; Reese, R. Neil (Mar 2008). "Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb.: historical and modern use, propagation, and management of a new crop". Native Plants. 9 (1): 46–58. doi:10.2979/NPJ.2008.9.1.46.
- Walz, Georg Friedrich (1850). "Physiologische und pathologische Chemie." [Physiological and pathological chemistry.]. Jahrbuch für practische Pharmacie und verwandte Fächer: Zeitschr. d. Allgemeinen Teutschen Apotheker-Vereins, Abtheilung Süddeutschland [Annual book for practical pharmacy and related subjects: Journal of the General German Pharmacists Association, Department of Southern Germany] (in German). Vol. 21. Landau: J. Baur. pp. 174–175.