The current Governor of Kaliningrad Oblast is Alexey Besprozvannykh, who succeeded Yevgeny Zinichev in 2016. The latest elections to the region's legislative body, the 40-seat Kaliningrad Oblast Duma, were held in September 2021.
The EU and Russia have had a serious political debate over the oblast territory.[citation needed] The enlargement of the EU in 2004, through which Poland and Lithuania became member states, meant that the oblast now has land borders only with the EU. Issues of security have been at the forefront of debate, with high relevance to the Schengen Agreement.[citation needed]
Regionalism
editAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union, some intellectuals and government officials in the oblast openly discussed the region separating from Russia. In the mid-1990s, Yuri Matochkin, the oblast's first post-Soviet governor, demanded a special relationship with the EU and threatened a referendum on secession, abetting fears in Moscow about the centrifugal forces of separatism.[1][2] His attempts at elevating the oblast's status to that of a sovereign republic associated with the Russian Federation yielded no results. Around the same time, the secessionist Baltic Republican Party, banned in 2005,[3] aimed at establishing the oblast as the "fourth Baltic state".[2] However, an organized secessionist movement has never emerged there and surveys indicate strong support for remaining a part of Russia.[2]
Social unrest in 2009-2010
editFrom October 2009 to January 2010 several demonstrations took place in the oblast, initially against a significant increase with retroactive application of the tax on vehicles imported from the European Union, thus threatening local business. But after the second demonstration the demands extended to the resignation of Governor Georgy Boos and of the United Russia members of the regional council. Opposition parties and civic organizations like Solidarnost took part to these demonstrations. Although the first meeting on 24 October 2009 only gathered around 500 people, the second one on 12 December 2009 numbered 3 to 5,000 participants, the third one on 30 January 2010 from 10 to 12,000 people. Banners were deployed with slogans such as "Stop increasing the tariffs. We're against the government's antisocial policies and United Russia. It's Putin who's responsible", "Georgy [Boos] - we're ashamed that you're a biker [the slogan is being held up by bikers]/ United Russia has united against Russian citizens.", "You've overeaten, you've stolen too much, now it's time to serve your time", "Bring back governors' elections". Despite the first protest, the Kaliningrad regional Duma adopted a decision to raise the vehicle tax by an average of 25 percent, but rescinded on 28 January 2010. On 28 September 2010 governor Boos was replaced by the Russian Federation government by a new governor, Nikolay Tsukanov. The leader of the political coalition of the opposition, Konstantin Doroshok, a businessman mostly involved in importing cars, retreated from the movement on February 2. The local leader of the Movement "For fair elections" (Russian: ЗА ЧЕСТНЫЕ ВЫБОРЫ!), Andrei Nyrko, but also independent deputy Solomon Ginzburg, openly stated in interviews that Doroshok either had been bought or had been brought under pressure by the FSB. He was elected to the regional Duma at the 13 March 2011 elections as an independent candidate in a single seat constituency.[4][5][6][7][8]
List of the Oblast's governors since the end of the Soviet Union
edit- Yuri Matochkin (appointed, September 1991 – 1996)
- Leonid Gorbenko (elected, 1996 - November 2000)
- Vladimir Yegorov (elected, November 2000 - 12 November 2005)
- Georgy Boos (proposed by President Vladimir Putin to the Kaliningrad Oblast duma and approved soon after this, 12 November 2005 – 27 September 2010)[citation needed]
- Nikolay Tsukanov (appointed, 27 September 2010 – 28 July 2016)
- Yevgeny Zinichev (acting, 28 July 2016 - 6 October 2016)
- Anton Alikhanov (acting, 6 October 2016 – 10 September 201
- Sergei Yeliseyev (acting, 14 May 2024 – 15 May 2024)
- Alexey Besprozvannykh (acting, 15 May 2024 –)
Federal elections
editAt the 2011 legislative election, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation took 31% of the votes in the city of Kaliningrad and Putin's United Russia only 21%, but the results in the rest of oblast were favorable to United Russia. According to Igor Revin, regional deputy for the CPRF, the electoral process in the city was under severe scrutiny of observers, but in peripheric cities like Sovetsk the electoral rigging was extensive. According to Sergei Rybin, of the US-funded NGO Golos, "without rigging, the CPRF would have won the election in the whole region".[7]
Constituencies
edit- Kaliningrad constituency (No.97)
- Central constituency (No.98)
Separatism
editThe Baltic Republic[9][10] (or Land of Amber/Yantarny Krai)[11] is a proposed state within the borders of Kaliningrad Oblast. The idea was mainly supported by the Baltic Republican Party which was dissolved in 2005 and was one of the few openly separatist parties, which were allowed to run in the elections. Members of the Baltic Republican Party were present in Kaliningrad Oblast Duma until the party lost its status as a political party.[12]
Currently, the idea is supported by Kaliningrad Public Movement, which is represented on the Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum, and the Respublika movement.[13] Baltic separatists support decommunization and the use of German city names.[11]
In 2022, the Governor of Kaliningrad Oblast said that there was an attempt to create a “German autonomy” in Kaliningrad by western agents to destabilize the region.[14] It was one of the first mentions of separatism in Russia by governors after the invasion of Ukraine.
Baltic separatism is based on civic nationalism. The movement uses symbols based on the old flag of Königsberg.
Opinion polls and electoral performance
editIn 2023, members of the Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum organized an online independence referendum for some of the regions of Russia, the data, however, cannot be fully trusted as the actual numbers are not publicly released. It should also be noted that the website was banned in Russia. Despite all that, the project still has limited support from the Ukrainian Rada.[15][16]
| 2023 Internet vote | |
|---|---|
| Do you support Königsberg independence from the Russian Federation? | |
| Yes | No |
| 72,1% | 27,9% |
| Claimed participants: 95567 (19,4% of the population) | |
| Electoral performance of the Baltic Republican Party | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Election | Seats | +/- | Government |
| 2000 Kaliningrad Oblast Duma | 1 / 31
|
 1
|
Opposition |
| Reference[12] | |||
Sources
edit- ^ Richard J. Krickus (2002), The Kaliningrad question, pp. 68-69. Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-1705-5
- ^ a b c Maximilian Spinner (2007), Kaliningrad - A Russian Enclave in Central Europe in Search for an Identity, pp. 14-15. GRIN Verlag, ISBN 3-638-75790-0
- ^ Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Russia: The Baltic Republican Party in Kaliningrad; mandate, structure, membership and treatment of its members by the authorities; whether the party has ceased its operations and been renamed the Kaliningrad Public Movement-Respublika (2001-May 2005), 10 June 2005. RUS100121.E. Online. UNHCR Refworld, available at: [1]. Retrieved on 10 March 2009
- ^ (in Russian) Акции протеста в Калининграде (2009—2010), article on the Russian language Wikipedia
- ^ (in Russian) Наш Калининград, article on the Russian language Wikipedia
- ^ (in Russian) Дорошок, Константин Юрьевич, article on the Russian language Wikipedia
- ^ a b (in French) Louis-Antoine Le Moulec, "Kaliningrad, la prisonnière du Kremlin", Slate.fr, 4 March 2012
- ^ Mikhailis and Ilya Denbrov, "Moscow, both hated and helpless in Kaliningrad", France 24, 2 February 2010
- ^ Шатилов, Александр Борисович (2021). "НОВЫЙ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СЕПАРАТИЗМ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ (2014–2021 гг.)". Власть. 4: 22–26. Archived from the original on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
- ^ Goble, Paul (2017-08-02). "Kaliningrad Separatism Again on the Rise". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
- ^ a b "Янтарный край – Балтийская Республика или заложник кремлевской империи?". Регион.Эксперт (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
- ^ a b "КАЛИНИНГРАДСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ". www.panorama.ru. 2001. Retrieved 2023-07-07.
- ^ "БРП: история с продолжением". Регион.Эксперт (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2023-01-01. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
- ^ "Патрушев заявил о попытках создания в Калининграде "немецкой автономии"". РБК (in Russian). 21 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
- ^ "В интернете началось голосование о независимости пяти регионов России". RFE/RL (in Russian). 2023-02-16. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
- ^ "Голосование". referendum2023.site. Retrieved 2023-07-05.