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The redemocratization of Brazil (Portuguese: abertura política, lit. 'political opening') was the 1974–1988 period of liberalization under the country's military regime, ending with the decline of the regime, the signing of the country's new constitution, and the transition to democracy.[1] Then-president Ernesto Geisel began the process of liberalization (nicknamed Portuguese: distensão) in 1974, by allowing for the Brazilian Democratic Movement opposition party's participation in congressional elections. He worked to address human rights violations and began to undo the military dictatorship's founding legislation, the Institutional Acts, in 1978. General João Figueiredo, elected the next year, continued the transition to democracy, freeing the last political prisoners in 1980, instituting direct elections in 1982. The 1985 election of a ruling opposition party marked the military dictatorship's end. The process of liberalization ultimately was successful, culminating with the promulgation of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution.[2]
The democratization's historiography shows disagreement as to whether the opening was spurred more by divisions among the country's elite or by pressure from civil society, including church grassroots, new unionism, and opposition voters.[3]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Tosta, Antonio Luciano de Andrade; Coutinho, Eduardo F. (2015). Brazil. ABC-CLIO. p. 353. ISBN 978-1-61069-258-8.
- ^ Orme 1988, pp. 247–248.
- ^ Hagopian 2007, pp. 212–213.
Bibliography
edit- Hagopian, Frances (2007). "The Traditional Political Elite and the Transition to Democracy". Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03288-9.
- Orme, John (1988). "Dismounting the Tiger: Lessons from Four Liberalizations". Political Science Quarterly. 103 (2): 245–265. doi:10.2307/2151183. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2151183.
Further reading
edit- Levine, Robert M. (1976). "Brazil: The Aftermath of 'Decompression'". Current History. 70 (413): 53–81. ISSN 0011-3530. JSTOR 45314159.
- Mainwaring, Scott; Viola, Eduardo J. (1985). "TRANSITIONS TO DEMOCRACY: Brazil and Argentina in the 1980s". Journal of International Affairs. 38 (2): 193–219. ISSN 0022-197X. JSTOR 24356910.
- Mainwaring, Scott (1986). "The Transition to Democracy in Brazil". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 28 (1): 149–179. doi:10.2307/165739. ISSN 0022-1937. JSTOR 165739.
- Porto, Mauro (2012). "Telenovelas, Symbolic Representation and National Identity". Media Power and Democratization in Brazil: TV Globo and the Dilemmas of Political Accountability. Routledge. pp. 122–144. ISBN 978-1-136-31632-6.