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Ayu sweetfish

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The ayu sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis), ayu (アユ, 鮎, 年魚, 香魚) or sweetfish, is a species of fish. It is the only species in the genus Plecoglossus and family Plecoglossidae. It is a relative of the smelts and other fish in the order Osmeriformes.

Ayu sweetfish
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Osmeriformes
Family: Plecoglossidae
Genus: Plecoglossus
Temminck & Schlegel, 1846
Species:
P. altivelis
Binomial name
Plecoglossus altivelis
(Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
Synonyms
  • Salmo altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
  • Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
  • Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis (Nishida, 1988)
  • Plecoglossus ryukyuensis (Nishida, 1988)
  • Plecoglossus altivelis chinensis (Wu & Shan, 2005)

Native to East Asia, it is distributed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean along the coast of Hokkaidō in Japan southward to the Korean Peninsula, China, Hong Kong and northern Vietnam. It is amphidromous, moving between coastal marine waters and freshwater lakes and rivers. A few landlocked populations also exist in lakes in Japan such as Biwa. Original wild populations in Taiwan became extinct in 1968 due to pollution and present extant populations were reintroduced from Japan in the 1990s.[1][2]

The name "sweetfish" was inspired by the sweetness of its flesh. In reference to its typical one-year lifespan, it is also written as 年魚 ("year-fish").[3] Some individuals live two to three years.[1] The ayu is the prefectural fish of Gunma Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture.[4]

Subspecies

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Two[5] to three[6] subspecies are recognized by some authors. Others do not distinguish the subtaxa.[7]

Subspecies include:

  • P. a. altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) (ayu, sweetfish)
  • P. a. chinensis Y. F. Wu & X. J. Shan, 2005 (Chinese ayu)
  • P. a. ryukyuensis M. Nishida, 1988 (Ryukyu ayu-fish) – endangered[8]

Biology

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A school of ayu

An omnivore, the ayu feeds on algae, crustaceans, insects, sponges, and worms. It feeds on algae that accumulates on the rocks, scraping it off the rocks with their saw-shaped teeth.[3][9] Adults typically maintain a feeding territory,[10] but the form restricted to lakes and associated streams is schooling.[11]

 
Scrape marks left by ayu feeding on algae when the rock was submerged

Most populations of this species are amphidromous and breed in the lower part of rivers during the autumn, laying their eggs in small pits they dig in the gravel.[1][12] The eggs hatch shortly after and the larvae are carried downriver to the sea.[13] They overwinter in coastal regions, staying there until the spring where the young fish typically are about 6 cm (2.5 in) long and move back to the rivers. Here they reach 15–30 cm (6–12 in) by the summer.[13] They reach maturity by the autumn and move down to the lower part of rivers to breed.[12] Some die after breeding and only live one year, but others return to live in the ocean and may spawn up to three times, each time moving into the lower part of rivers in the autumn.[1][14] In Japan, some populations live their entire life in freshwater, only moving between lakes and the associated streams where they breed. These have a more variable migration pattern, moving upstream from the lakes in the spring, summer or autumn.[12] Although their larvae mostly stay within freshwater, some are carried downstream with the current to the sea and become part of the amphidromous populations.[12] The freshwater-restricted populations typically reach an age of two or three years.[1][7] During the breeding season the amphidromous and freshwater-restricted forms may occur together.[13] Ayu are also stocked in reservoirs.[1]

 
Lake Biwa ayu

Although there are reports of ayu up to 70 cm (2.3 ft) long,[7] a more typical maximum size for the species is about 30 cm (1 ft).[10][15] The form restricted to freshwater is considerably smaller than the amphidromous form.[11] The freshwater-restricted ayu of Lake Biwa that migrate into their spawning streams in the spring can reach up to about 15 cm (6 in) in length, but those that migrate later in the year, primarily in the autumn, only grow to 10 cm (4 in).[12][16] This is caused by differences in the availability of food.[16]

Human uses

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Capture (blue) and aquaculture (green) production of Ayu sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis) in thousand tonnes from 1950 to 2022, as reported by the FAO[17]

Ayu is an edible fish, mostly consumed in East Asia. Its flesh has a distinctive, sweet flavour with "melon and cucumber aromas".[18] It is consequently highly prized as a food fish. The main methods for obtaining ayu are by means of fly fishing, by using a fish trap, and by fishing with a decoy which is known as ayu-no-tomozuri in Japan. The decoy is a living ayu placed on a hook, which swims when immersed into water. It provokes the territorial behavior of other ayu, which assault the "intruder" and get caught.[19]

 
Ayu being grilled with salt in Japan; note the wave-like "swimming" shape of the skewered fish

Japanese fishers also catch it using cormorant fishing. On the Nagara River where Japanese cormorants (Phalacrocorax capillatus) are used by the fishermen, the fishing season draws visitors from all over the world. The Japanese cormorants, known in Japanese as umi-u (ウミウ, "sea-cormorant"), are domesticated birds trained for this purpose. The bird catches the ayu, stores it in its crop, and delivers it to the fishermen.[20]

Ayu is also fished commercially, and captive juveniles are raised in aquaculture before being released into rivers for sport fishing.[citation needed]

A common method of preparing ayu and other small fish in Japan is to skewer it in such a way so that its body forms a wave, making it look as though it is swimming.[21]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Huckstorf, V. (2012). "Plecoglossus altivelis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T62222A3110058. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T62222A3110058.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ TVBS. "盤點台灣淡水魚 原生種香魚已滅絕│TVBS新聞網". TVBS (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  3. ^ a b Queen of Freshwater Streams. Archived 25 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine Food Forum. Kikkoman Global Website.
  4. ^ Symbols of Gifu Prefecture. Gifu Prefectural Government.
  5. ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Editors. Plecoglossus. FishBase. 2015.
  6. ^ Shan, X., Wu, Y., & Kang, B. (2005). Morphological comparison between Chinese Ayu and Japanese Ayu and establishment of Wu & Shan subsp. nov. Journal of Ocean University of China (English Edition), 1(4), 61–66.
  7. ^ a b c Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Editors. Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis. FishBase. 2015.
  8. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Plecoglossus altivelis ssp. ryukyuensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T17595A7151908. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T17595A7151908.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  9. ^ "Rock Fishing in Tokushima, Japan". USA Today.
  10. ^ a b Hooper, R. (21 September 2005). Ayu sweetfish. The Japan Times. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  11. ^ a b Shirakihara, Yoshids, Nishino, Takao and Sawada (2001). Acoustic evaluation of the vertical distribution of dwarf ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis in Lake Biwa. Fisheries Science 67: 430–435.
  12. ^ a b c d e Lucas, M., and E. Baras (2001). Migration of Freshwater Fishes, p. 187. Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-05754-8
  13. ^ a b c Otake and Uchida (1998). Application of Otolith Microchemistry for Distinguishing between Amphidromous and Non-amphidromous Stocked Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. Fisheries Science 64(4): 517–521.
  14. ^ Shimizu, Uchida, Udagawa, Inoue, Sato and Katsura (2007). Multiple spawning and related variations in female reproductive parameters of amphidromous type ayu. Fisheries Science 73(1): 9–18.
  15. ^ FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Plecoglossus altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  16. ^ a b Lake Biwa Museum: Aquarium. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  17. ^ "Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  18. ^ Gadsby, Patricia; Eschliman, Dwight (25 November 2004). "The Chemistry of Fish". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015.
  19. ^ Waldman, J. (2005). 100 Weird Ways to Catch Fish (1st ed.). Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 6–7. ISBN 0811731790.
  20. ^ Cormorant-Fishing on the Nagara River. Archived 19 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Gifu Rotary Club.
  21. ^ No. 2: Ayu fish. Hiroko's Kitchen. 10 August 2010.

Further reading

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  • Takeshima, Hirohiko; Iguchi, Kei-ichiro & Nishida, Mutsumi (2005): Unexpected Ceiling of Genetic Differentiation in the Control Region of the Mitochondrial DNA between Different Subspecies of the Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis. Zool. Sci. 22(4): 401–410. doi:10.2108/zsj.22.401 (HTML abstract)
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