Peter Harry Steve Griffiths (24 May 1928 – 20 November 2013) was a British Conservative politician best known for gaining the Smethwick seat by defeating the Shadow Foreign Secretary Patrick Gordon Walker in the 1964 general election, against the national trend, by using anti-immigrant and racist rhetoric.[1][2][3][4][5]
Peter Griffiths | |
|---|---|
| Member of Parliament for Portsmouth North | |
| In office 3 May 1979 – 8 April 1997 | |
| Preceded by | Frank Judd |
| Succeeded by | Syd Rapson |
| Member of Parliament for Smethwick | |
| In office 15 October 1964 – 10 March 1966 | |
| Preceded by | Patrick Gordon Walker |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Faulds |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Peter Harry Steve Griffiths 24 May 1928 West Bromwich, Staffordshire, England |
| Died | 20 November 2013 (aged 85) Portsmouth, England |
| Citizenship | British |
| Political party | Conservative |
| Residence | United Kingdom |
Early life
editGriffiths was born in West Bromwich, Staffordshire, and attended West Bromwich Grammar School. He was educated at Leeds Teacher Training College and, after his National Service, studied for an external London University economics degree and a master's degree in education at Birmingham University, while teaching in West Bromwich.[6] From 1962, he was the head of Hall Green Road primary school, West Bromwich.[6]
Griffiths was elected to Smethwick County Borough Council in 1955.[7] At the 1959 election, he stood against Smethwick's sitting Member of Parliament (MP) Patrick Gordon Walker for the first time, and succeeded in reducing Gordon Walker's majority from 6,495 to 3,544. Griffiths became leader of the council's Conservative group in 1960,[6] serving as a local councillor until 1963 when he resigned to stand again for the Smethwick parliamentary seat in the forthcoming general election.
Elected MP for Smethwick
editLabour's victory in the 1964 election had been predicted, and Patrick Gordon Walker, who had been Shadow Foreign Secretary for 18 months, was expected to hold on to his seat.[8] Instead, Griffiths gained the seat for the Conservatives on a 7% swing, in a county borough that had the highest percentage of recent immigrants to England.[9] Racial discrimination was common in the constituency and nationally; the local Labour club operated a colour bar.[10][11]
In what Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson later described as an "utterly squalid" campaign,[6] Conservative party members were accused of having used the slogan "If you want a nigger for a neighbour, vote Liberal or Labour".[12][13] Colin Jordan, a British Neo-Nazi and leader of the British Movement, claimed that members of his group had produced the initial slogan as well as spread the poster and sticker campaign; Jordan's group in the past had also campaigned on other slogans, such as: "Don't vote – a vote for Tory, Labour or Liberal is a vote for more Blacks!".[14] Although Griffiths himself did not coin the phrase or approve its use,[15] he refused to disown it.[11] "I would not condemn any man who said that", The Times quoted him as saying. "I regard it as a manifestation of popular feeling",[11] adding that the quote represented "exasperation, not fascism".[16] He denied that there was any "resentment in Smethwick on the grounds of race or colour".[6]
Griffiths' defeat of Gordon Walker resulted in Harold Wilson claiming in the House of Commons that Griffiths should "serve his term here as a parliamentary leper".[17] Conservatives urged the Speaker, Harry Hylton-Foster, to force Wilson to withdraw the comment. While the Speaker objected to such language, he refused to censure the Prime Minister, and order in the Commons chamber was not restored for ten minutes.[6] In his maiden speech in the Commons, Griffiths pointed out the problems faced by local industry and drew attention to the fact that 4,000 families were awaiting local authority accommodation.[18] Griffiths remained an alderman in Smethwick until 1966. He both supported and arranged for Smethwick council to purchase a row of houses with the intention of letting them exclusively to white families.[6][10] The government's Housing minister, Richard Crossman, was able to block this proposal by refusing the council permission to borrow the money required.[6]
Griffiths was defeated by the actor and Labour candidate Andrew Faulds in the 1966 general election.[17] Griffiths wrote his own account of his election in 1964. In A Question of Colour (1966), he asserted that he had "no colour prejudice".[17] In the book he considered South Africa to be "a model of Parliamentary democracy" and that "Apartheid, if it could be separated from racialism, could well be an alternative to integration". Griffiths also blamed immigration from the Caribbean for the spread of disease.[6][11]
Later life and career
editIn 1967, he became a lecturer in economics at Portsmouth College of Technology.[17] After a year as an exchange professor in California, he returned to what became Portsmouth Polytechnic, until he returned to Parliament.[6]
Griffiths unsuccessfully stood for Portsmouth North constituency at the February 1974 general election, but was elected for the seat at the 1979 general election. He held the constituency until the Labour landslide at the 1997 election, when he was defeated.[17]
Personal life and death
editHe was married to Jeannette (née Rubery); the couple had a son and daughter.[7]
Griffiths died on 20 November 2013, aged 85.[17]
References
edit- ^ Smith, Stephen (4 June 2019). The Scramble for Europe: Young Africa on its way to the Old Continent. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-5095-3458-6. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ Minton, Anna; Duman, Alberto; James, Malcolm; Hancox, Dan (18 September 2018). Regeneration Songs: Sounds of Investment and Loss in East London. Watkins Media Limited. ISBN 978-1-912248-24-7. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ Ignazi, Piero (29 May 2003). Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-829325-5. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ Sobolewska, Maria; Ford, Robert (15 October 2020). Brexitland: Identity, Diversity and the Reshaping of British Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-47357-6.
- ^ Crowson, Nick (17 September 2016). The Longman Companion to the Conservative Party: Since 1830. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-88333-3. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Peter Griffiths – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. 27 November 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
- ^ a b Who's Who 2007
- ^ Brown, Derek (27 April 2001). "A new language of racism in politics". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^ Wigmore, Tim (15 October 2014). "Fifty years on, the Conservative party's race problem remains". New Statesman. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^ a b Stanley, Tim (28 November 2013). "Peter Griffiths and the ugly Tory racism of the 1960s killed rational debate about immigration". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^ a b c d Jeffries, Stuart (15 October 2014). "Britain's most racist election: the story of Smethwick, 50 years on". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
- ^ Childs, P., Storry, M. (1999) Encyclopaedia of contemporary British culture, London: Routledge p. 13
- ^ Geddes, A. (2003) The politics of migration and immigration in Europe, London: Sage Publications, p. 34
- ^ Jackson, Paul (2016). Colin Jordan and Britain's Neo-Nazi Movement: Hitler's Echo. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 129. ISBN 978-1472509314.
- ^ Foot, Paul (30 November 1995). "Tearing up the Race Card". London Review of Books. Vol. 17, no. 23. Retrieved 6 May 2016. (subscription required)
- ^ Midland correspondent (9 March 1964). "Labour Accusation of Exploitation". The Times. p. 6.
{{cite news}}:|author1=has generic name (help) - ^ a b c d e f "Peter Griffiths". The Times. 11 December 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^ Hansard, 1964
Bibliography
edit- Griffiths, P. (1966). A Question Of Colour? The Smethwick Election Of 1964. London: Leslie Frewin.
- Pearce, R. (2004) "Walker, Patrick Chrestien Gordon, Baron Gordon-Walker (1907–1980)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 26 Aug 2007 (subscription required)
- Prem, D. R. (1965). Parliamentary Leper: A History of Colour Prejudice in Britain. Aligarh University Press: Metric Publications.
- Webster, L. (2012). Lone Wolf. Dudley: The Kates Hill Press.
- Who's Who 2007, "Griffiths, Peter Harry Steve", accessed 26 August 2007 (subscription required)