Peace Conference of 1861

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The Peace Conference of 1861 was a meeting of 131 leading American politicians in February 1861, at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., on the eve of the American Civil War. The conference's purpose was to avoid, if possible, the secession of the eight slave states from the upper and border South that had not done so as of that date. The seven states that had already seceded did not attend.

Delegates at the opening of the Peace Conference of 1861 from Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, February 16, 1861.

Background

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Before the 1860 election, Republicans were excitedly predicting the end of slavery even in the south.[1] Republican President Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860 led many in the South to conclude that now was the time for their long-discussed secession. Many pro-slavery southerners, especially in the Lower South, were convinced that the new Republican government was determined to abolish slavery where it already existed.[2]

In much of the South, elections were held to select delegates to special conventions to consider secession from the Union. In Congress, efforts were made in both the House of Representatives and the Senate to compromise over the issues relating to slavery dividing the nation.

Four proposals to preserve the Union

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First Crittenden proposal: six constitutional amendments

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In December 1860, the final session of the Thirty-sixth Congress met. In the House, the Committee of Thirty-Three, with one member from each state, led by Ohio Republican Thomas Corwin, was formed to reach a compromise to preserve the Union. In the Senate, former Kentucky Whig John J. Crittenden, elected as a Unionist candidate, submitted the Crittenden Compromise, six proposed constitutional amendments and four resolutions that would guarantee the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states and that Crittenden hoped would address all the outstanding issues. Hopes were high, especially in the border states, that the lame duck Congress could reach a successful resolution before the new Republican administration took office.

Crittenden's proposals were debated by a specially selected Committee of Thirteen. The proposals provided for, among other things, an extension of the Missouri Compromise line dividing the territories to the Pacific Ocean, bringing his efforts directly in conflict with the 1860 Republican Platform and the personal views of President-elect Abraham Lincoln, who had made known his objections. The committee rejected the compromise on December 22 by a 7–6 vote. Crittenden later brought the issue to the floor of the Senate as a proposal to make his compromise subject to a national referendum. Still, the Senate rejected it on January 16 by a 25–23.[3]

Second Crittenden proposal

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A modified version of the Crittenden Plan, believed to be more attractive to Republicans,[further explanation needed] was considered by an ad hoc committee of 14 congressmen from the lower North and the upper South, meeting several times between December 28 and January 4. The committee was chaired again by Crittenden and included other Southern Unionists such as Representatives John A. Gilmer of North Carolina, Robert H. Hatton of Tennessee, J. Morrison Harris of Maryland, and John T. Harris of Virginia. The House rejected a version of their work on January 7.[4]

Constitutional amendment protecting slavery

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In the House, on January 14, the Committee of Thirty-Three reported that it had reached a majority agreement on a constitutional amendment to protect slavery where it existed and the immediate admission of New Mexico Territory as a slave state. This latter proposal would result in a de facto extension of the Missouri Compromise line for all existing territories.[5]

Proposal from Virginia to hold a peace conference

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A fourth attempt came from Virginia, one of the slave states that had not yet seceded. Former President John Tyler, now a private citizen of Virginia who was still interested in the fate of the nation, had been appointed as a special Virginia envoy to President James Buchanan to urge him to maintain the status quo regarding the seceded states. Later, Tyler was an elected delegate to the Virginia convention called to consider whether or not to follow the Deep South states out of the Union.[6] Tyler thought a final collective effort should be made to preserve the Union. In a document published on January 17, 1861, he called for a convention of the six free and six slave border states to resolve the sectional split. Governor John Letcher of Virginia had already made a similar request to the state legislature. He agreed to sponsor the convention while the list of attendees to all states was expanded.[7] Corwin agreed to hold off any final vote on his House plan pending the final actions of the peace conference.[8]

The Peace Conference

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The conference convened on February 4, 1861, at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C.; all seven Deep South states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas) had already passed ordinances of secession, were preparing to form a new government in Montgomery, Alabama, and did not attend the peace conference, not believing it would accomplish anything significant. At the same time that Tyler, selected to head the convention, was making his opening remarks in Washington, his granddaughter was ceremonially hoisting the flag for the Confederate convention in Montgomery. No delegates were sent by the Deep South states or by Arkansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, California, or Oregon. Fourteen free states and seven slave states (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia) were represented. Among the representatives to the conference were James A. Seddon and William Cabell Rives from Virginia, David Wilmot from Pennsylvania, Francis Granger from New York, Reverdy Johnson from Maryland, William P. Fessenden and Lot M. Morrill from Maine, James Guthrie and William O. Butler from Kentucky, David S. Reid from North Carolina, Stephen T. Logan from Illinois, Alvan Cullom from Tennessee, and Thomas Ewing and Salmon P. Chase from Ohio.[9] Although Louisiana did not send delegates, Rep. John Edward Bouligny, the only member of the state's congressional delegation not to resign his seat, did participate in the conference.[10]

Delegates to the 1860 Peace Convention, Washington, D.C.[11]
Delegate State
Roger S. Baldwin Connecticut
Robbins Battell
Chauncey F. Cleveland
Charles J. McCurdy
James T. Pratt
Amos S. Treat
Daniel M. Bates Delaware
William Cannon
John W. Houston
Henry Ridgeley
George B. Rodney
Burton C. Cook Illinois
Stephen T. Logan
John M. Palmer
Thomas J. Turner
John Wood
E. W. H. Ellis Indiana
Pleasant A. Hackleman
Godlove S. Orth
Thomas C. Slaughter
Caleb B. Smith
Samuel R. Curtis Iowa
James W. Grimes
James Harlan
William Vandever
Henry J. Adams Kansas
Martin F. Conway
J. C. Stone
Thomas Ewing Jr.
Joshua F. Bell Kentucky
William O. Butler
James B. Clay
James Guthrie
Charles S. Morehead
Charles A. Wickliffe
Stephen Coburn Maine
William P. Fessenden
Stephen C. Foster
Ezra B. French
Lot M. Morrill
Freeman H. Morse
John J. Perry
Daniel E. Somes
Augustus W. Bradford Maryland
John Crisfield
John F. Dent
William T. Goldsborough
Benjamin C. Howard
Reverdy Johnson
James Dixon Roman
Charles Allen Massachusetts
George S. Boutwell
Theophilus P. Chandler
Francis B. Crowninshield
John M. Forbes
John Z. Goodrich
Richard P. Waters
Aylett H. Buckner Missouri
John D. Coalter
Alexander W. Doniphan
Harrison Hough
Waldo P. Johnson
Levi Chamberlain New Hampshire
Asa Fowler
Amos Tuck
William C. Alexander New Jersey
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
Charles Smith Olden
Rodman M. Price
Joseph F. Randolph
Robert F. Stockton
Thomas J. Stryker
Peter D. Vroom
Benjamin Williamson
Greene C. Bronson New York
Erastus Corning
William E. Dodge
David D. Field
Addison Gardiner
Francis Granger
Amaziah B. James
John A. King
William Curtis Noyes
James C. Smith
James S. Wadsworth
John E. Wool
Daniel M. Barringer North Carolina
George Davis
J. M. Morehead
David S. Reid
Thomas Ruffin
Franklin T. Backus Ohio
Salmon P. Chase
Thomas Ewing
William S. Groesbeck
Reuben Hitchcock
Valentine B. Horton
Christopher Wolcott
John C. Wright
Thomas E. Franklin Pennsylvania
Andrew W. Loomis
William McKennan
William M. Meredith
James Pollock
Thomas White
David Wilmot
Samuel Ames Rhode Island
Samuel G. Arnold
George H. Browne
Alexander Duncan
William W. Hoppin
Josiah M. Anderson Tennessee
Robert L. Caruthers
Alvan Cullom
Isaac R. Hawkins
William P. Hickerson
George W. Jones
Thomas Martin
R. J. McKinney
Samuel Milligan
William H. Stephens
A. W. O. Totten
Felix K. Zollicoffer
H. Henry Baxter Vermont
L. E. Chittenden
Hiland Hall
B. D. Harris
Levi Underwood
John W. Brockenbrough Virginia
William C. Rives
James A. Seddon
George W. Summers
John Tyler

Many of the delegates came in the belief that they could be successful, but many others, from both sides of the spectrum, came simply as "watchdogs" for their sectional interests. The 131 delegates included "six former cabinet members, nineteen ex-governors, fourteen former senators, fifty former representatives, twelve state supreme court justices, and one former president", and the meeting was frequently referred to derisively as the Old Gentleman's Convention.[12]

On February 6, a committee was formed, charged with drafting a proposal for the entire convention to consider. The committee consisted of one representative from each state and was headed by James Guthrie of Kentucky. The convention met for three weeks, and its final product was a proposed seven-point constitutional amendment that differed little from the Crittenden Compromise. The key issue, slavery in the territories, was addressed simply by extending the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean, with no provision for newly acquired territory. That section passed by a 9–8 vote of the states, each with one vote.[13]

Other features of the proposed constitutional amendment were the requirement for the acquisition of all future territories to be approved by a majority of both the slave states and the free states, a prohibition on Congress passing any legislation that would affect the status of slavery where it currently existed, a prohibition on state legislatures from passing laws that would restrict the ability of officials to apprehend and return fugitive slaves, a permanent prohibition on the foreign slave trade, and 100% compensation to any master whose fugitive slave was freed by illegal mob action or intimidation of officials required to administer the Fugitive Slave Act. Key sections of this amendment could be further amended only with the unanimous concurrence of all states.[14]

Aftermath

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Since it did not pledge to limit the expansion of slavery in new territories, the compromise failed to satisfy most Republicans. In not committing to permit and protect slavery in the territories, the compromise failed to address the issue that had divided the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions in the 1860 presidential elections. The convention's work was completed with only a few days left in the final session of Congress. The proposal was rejected in the Senate in a 28–7 vote and never came to a vote in the House.[15] The Committee of Thirty-Three finally submitted the Corwin Amendment, a less-encompassing constitutional amendment, which Congress passed. The proposed amendment protected slavery where it currently existed, which Lincoln and most members of both parties already believed was a state right protected by the existing US Constitution. A bill for New Mexico statehood was tabled by a vote of 115–71, with opposition from Southern Democrats and Republicans.

With the adjournment of Congress and the inauguration of Lincoln as president, the only avenue for compromise involved informal negotiations between Unionist Southerners and representatives of the incoming Republican government, and Congress was no longer a factor. A final convention of only the slave states in the Union scheduled for June 1861 never occurred because of the events at Fort Sumter.[citation needed] Robert H. Hatton, a Unionist from Tennessee who would later change sides, summed up the feelings of many shortly before Congress adjourned:

We are getting along badly with our work of compromise – badly. We will break, I apprehend, without any thing being done. God will hold some men to a fearful responsibility. My heart is sick.[16]

References

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  1. ^ Oakes, James (2013). Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861-1865. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06531-2.
  2. ^ Oakes 2013, p. 58.
  3. ^ Nevins pg. 397–402.
  4. ^ Crofts pg. 201. Unlike the Crittenden Compromise, the so-called Border State Plan recommendation on the Missouri Compromise line did not include future acquired territory.
  5. ^ Nevins pg. 405–410
  6. ^ Crapol pg. 259–261
  7. ^ Potter pg. 545–546
  8. ^ Crofts pg. 208
  9. ^ Potter pg. 546, Klein pg. 239.
  10. ^ "The Southern Secession and the Virginia Conference". The Glasgow Daily Herald. No. 6586. Glasgow, Scotland. 1861-02-19. p. 4.
  11. ^ "Washington Peace Conference". Ohio Civil War. 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
  12. ^ Potter pg. 546, Klein pg. 239.
  13. ^ Potter pg. 547 Potter notes that it passed only when the Illinois delegation shifted its vote, which led some to the false assumption that Lincoln had influenced this change of heart.
  14. ^ "Avalon Project - Amendments Proposed by the Peace Conference, February 8-27, 1861". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
  15. ^ Nevins pg. 411–412
  16. ^ Crofts pg. 252

Sources

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  • Crapol, Edward P. John Tyler: The Accidental President. (2006) ISBN 978-0-8078-3041-3.
  • Crofts, Daniel W. Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis. (1989) ISBN 0-8078-1809-7.
  • Klein, Maury. Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War. (1997) ISBN 0-679-44747-4.
  • Nevins, Alan. The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War 1859–1861. (1950)
  • Potter, David M. The Impending Crisis 1848–1861. (1976) ISBN 0-06-131929-5.
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