Pankararú (Pancaré, Pankaré, Pancaru, Pankaruru, Pankarará, Pankaravu, Pankaroru, Pankarú, Brancararu) is an extinct language of eastern Brazil. There are 6,000 ethnic Pankararú, but they all speak Portuguese. In 1961, only two elders could remember anything of the language. Today, they live in Brejo dos Padres and other villages of Tacaratu, Pernambuco State. The language was originally spoken between the Moxotó River and the Pajeú River.[1]
| Pankararú | |
|---|---|
| Pankararé | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Pernambuco, Alagoas |
| Extinct | ca. early 20th century |
unclassified | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:paz – Pankararúpax – Pankararé |
| Glottolog | pank1250 Pankararupank1235 Pankarare |
In the 19th century the people split into two ethnic groups, the Pankararú and the Pankararé. One quarter of the Pankararé retain their traditional religion. Their language, however, is unattested,[2] and can only be assumed to be a dialect of Pankararu.
Classification
editPankararú has no proven relatives and remains unclassified. There are similarities with Tukano and Tupian. Meader (1976) found that of 80 known lexical items, one third (26) are clearly cognate with Tupian languages. He speculates that the last speakers of Pankararú may therefore have been bilingual in Tupi. The identity of the rest of the vocabulary has not been identified, and Pankararú may be a language isolate.
The Atikum language was spoken nearby, but it is a language isolate and is not related to Pankararú.
Loukotka (1968) also lists these languages as being formerly spoken in Tacaratu, Pernambuco State. It is not known whether or not they were related to Pankararú:[1]
- Jeriticó or Jiripancó – village of Pindaé near Brejo dos Padres in Tacaratu, Pernambuco. Survivors now speak only Portuguese.
- Macarú – village of Brejo dos Padres, Tacaratu. A few survivors now speak only Portuguese.
Koiupanká[3] and Karuazu[4] may have been related.
Kalankó (Cacalancó), with descendants now living in Água Branca, Alagoas, may have also been related to Pankararú.[5]
Vocabulary
editLoukotka (1968)
editLoukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[1]
gloss Pankarurú man porkiá sun panyé earth zyobazyí tobacco azyó
Pompeu (1958)
editLanguage variety from Pompeu (1958), originally collected by Carlos Estêvam:[6]
Portuguese gloss
(original)English gloss
(translated)"Brejo dos Padres" fogo fire obaí água water jinikací; jatateruá; jai, já brejo swamp ibiji, arôto lagoa pond joo terra earth jobají pedra stone tóitú; ipá sal salt tuká cachimbo smoking pipe kuna kuní cachimbo cerimonial ceremonial pipe matrinadô; matrigó maracá maraca káma, kabá eyá pinheiro pine burúti menino boy jorã, óibo parente relative gôyáji irmã e prima sister and cousin dakatái onça preta black jaguar tupé maracajá margay Gwariatã porco pig tarací mocó rock cavy
(Kerodon rupestris)kewí tatu-peba six-banded armadillo
(Euphractus sexcinctus)kuriépe boi ox kanarí vaca cow tú ovelha sheep pusharé; sumui íra passarinho small bird iushií pena feather tik ovo egg aji papagaio parrot umaiatá periquito parakeet glyglilin peixe fish kamijo abelha bee axxaó madeira, pau wood, tree dáka flor flower barkíra milho corn ta, mõni tabaco, fumo tobacco, smoke põi; ajó bonito beautiful limin
Meader (1978)
editBelow is a 1961 word list of Pankarú (Pankararú) recorded in Brejo dos Padres by Wilbur Pickering from his informant João Moreno. The list is published in Meader (1978).[7]
Portuguese gloss
(original)English gloss
(translated)Pankarú (Pankararú) amarelo yellow ˈžúbʌ̀ pedra amarela yellow stone itapurʌŋga boca mouth ūːřú kàˈtiŋ̄ minha boca my mouth sε̄ ūˈřú bom good kátù ele é bom He is good. ayε katu o olho é bom The eye is good. sảːkàtú kyả̀ vocês são bons You (plural) are good. pε̄ñékātù / pε̃ñékátù branco white ˈtíŋgʌ́ buraco hole kwàřà cabeça head uukà a cabeça é redonda The head is round. muukὶ(ː) cabelo hair uŋkyò o cabelo é preto The hair is black. uŋkyò àlóːkià cachorro dog ítōˈlókyà caminho road pε carne meat sóːō casa house ókhà céu sky tšιakι / aʌ̨nsε cobra snake fítš̭ˈàká / fítš̭iākà coração heart (úpíˈá) ūpia kàtú asu corda rope ˈmúsúřʌ̨̀nʌ̨̀ dedo grande big finger kų̀ʌ̨́ kàtέ gàsú dente tooth (tʌ̨̄ˈíŋkàtī) dia day ˈářà ele / ela he / she àyέ eles, elas they āìˈtá este, esta this kwa eu I šεʔ faca knife kisε fogo fire ˈpo fumo (tabaco) smoke (tobacco) pɔi pedra furada pierced stone ítákwàřà ele furou a orelha He pierced his ear. oː màlί ásò homem man aba homem velho old man ábá ùmʌ̨̀ joelho knee àˈlų́ o joelho está mau The knee is bad. sātkālί ˈʔų́ː língua tongue (mε̄āŋˈgā) lua moon ˈžasì lua cheia full moon kaiřε lua nova new moon katiti mãe mother sέʔžàʔ mandioca cassava mʌ̨̀nˈdī mão hand pɔ̄pitέkàí mar sea pəřəˈnà mau bad pùší menina girl mítákų̄įˈʌ̨̀ / íādε̄doŋ̄kīˈà menino boy íādε̄dùˈà milho maize ávātì moça girl kų̀įʌ̨̀ mùkú moça velha older girl kų̀įʌ̨̀ fìlìwà mulher woman kų̀įʌ̨̄ não no ų́hų̄ nariz nose tákwí meu nariz my nose séˈtį̀ nossos narizes (meu e seu) our noses (inclusive) iānέʔtį̀ seu nariz (de você) your nose šέˈtį́ seu nariz (dele) his nose sέˈtį́ àyὲ noite night pīˈtų̀ nós, nosso we, our ìànέʔ olho (pavεořukya) eye (pavεořukya) / sả̀ː onça jaguar žáˈgwà orelha ear mōːkìhkyà pai (meu pai) father (my father) sέʔpāià pedra stone ítà pedra branca white stone itatiŋga pedra preta black stone ítáʔų̀na perna leg kóškì preto black ʔų́nʌ̨̄ redondo round púʌ̨̄ sol sun kwářásí velho old ùmʌ̨̄ homem velho old man ábá úmʌ̨̀ moça velha older girl kų̀iʌ̨̀ fìlìwà vós (vocês) you pὲˈñε̄ açúcar sugar dódəsākà cabra goat kářkíá camaleão chameleon fìˈkíˈá canela cinnamon (kālε̄ˈʔί̨ʌ) kia coxo lame kóš dedo finger kų̄nˈkàtέ farinha flour kítshià feijão bean nátsākā garganta throat gāε̄òˈŋkyà grosso thick sábóó lagarto lizard šōá macaxeira cassava aipį́ moreno dark-skinned pìˈtùnà queixo chin tʔíŋkwˈí sim yes ʌ̨̅hʌ̨́ ? ? (pʌ̨̅ŋkārὲː)
References
edit- ^ a b c Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Pankararé". Glottolog 4.3.
- ^ "Koiupanká". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- ^ "Karuazu". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- ^ "Kalankó". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- ^ Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
- ^ Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.