The Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission,[a] commonly referred to as SUPARCO, is the national space agency of Pakistan.[3]
خلائی و بالائے فضائی تحقیقاتی مأموریہ | |
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Agency overview | |
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Abbreviation | SUPARCO |
Formed | 1961 - Karachi |
Type | Space agency |
Status | Active |
Headquarters | Islamabad-45900, Pakistan |
Chairman | Muhammad Yusuf Khan[1] |
Key people | |
Owner | National Command Authority (NCA) |
Employees | Classified |
Annual budget | ![]() (2022–23) |
Website | suparco |
Established in 1961 in Karachi with an objective to learn the art of rocketry and high altitude research from the United States, the agency worked to develop the capacity for a national satellite program, eventually launching Pakistan's first satellite from China in 1990.[4][5][6][7] The agency was also an early participant and competitor in rocket development program sponsored by the Ministry of Defence of Pakistan.[6]
The agency leads the national satellite program and maintains an orbital operation of its satellites with support facilities throughout the country.[8][9] The agency has sustained significant criticism within Pakistan for failing to compete with its Indian and Chinese counterparts in terms of capabilities— both of which countries have satellite launch capabilities– in spite of being established earlier than its competitors.[10][11][12]
History
editCreation
editThe past federal ministries of Pakistan initially avoided to fund the space program and engineering education in spite of opportunity available from the United States.: 235 [13] The Punjab University was the only university that was undertaking the research in aeronautics in 1957; only after when the former Soviet Union launched its first satellite in space, the Sputnik 1.[14]
It was during the development of Apollo program in 1961 when Abdus Salam found an opportunity for Pakistan to start its space program with the foreign funding coming from the United States.[15] The American NASA was embarking the Apollo program in a competition with Soviet space program had realize the need of scientific data in upper atmosphere and therefore, invited India and Pakistan (bordering nations of the Indian Ocean) to join the studies and experimentations.[15] Initially, the engineers from Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) were directed at the Wallops Flight Facility to learn the rocketry from the United States as Abdus Salam worked on approving to establishing a commission from Ayub administration.[15]
A commission to study the upper atmosphere and rocketry was established under Abdus Salam [16] and Ishrat Usmani [17] as its chairman with nuclear engineers from PAEC, Tariq Mustafa and Salim Mehmud, becoming its first members in 1961 through the "Space Sciences Research Wing" of PAEC.[18] The Commission was first in the Muslim world to start studies in establishing the space program, and was named as "Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission" to represent its purpose and mission on 16 September 1961.: 237 [13]
Early studies
editThe Commission working under Abdus Salam was tasked with learning the rocket engineering, and contribution from France and the United States helped start this mission.: 238 [13] Foundation of the agency made Pakistan the first South Asian country to start a space program.[19][20] Furthermore, a Flight Test Range was established in Sonmiani which is 50 km (31 mi) west of Karachi, from where a program of sounding rocket launches was conducted based on the Nike-Ajax rockets followed by the Judi-Dart program[15]
On 7 July 1962, the Commission launched the first rocket, known as "Rehbar-I", which reached the altitude of 80 mi (420,000 ft) in space..[15][21] The United States publicly supported and hailed the program as the beginning of "a program of continuous cooperation in space research of mutual interest."[22] Until 1972, the United States provided training on rocket engines at the Goddard Space Flight Center.[22] The ground stations for satellite navigation were set-up by the Commission in Karachi and Lahore in 1973, and were visited by the Apollo 17 astronauts.[12] In 1973, the Islamabad Ionospheric Station was established at the Quaid-e-Azam University and Landsat ground station was established near Lahore.[12]
Funding and support
editAfter 1972, the Commission lost its sight with the United States ceasing its fund to support any missions to study upper atmosphere.[12] After the war with India in 1971, the space program became secondary in military funding to the nuclear weapons program.[12] The Commission, which had employed engineers with background in nuclear engineering, had to be transfer to Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission to support the nuclear program.[12] Furthermore, the Pakistan Air Force's military support and funding to the Rehbar program also ended any efforts for space program.[12]
After India launched its first satellite from Russia in 1975, the Commission began to lobby to work on nation's first satellite in a view of catching India in space in 1979. In 1981, Commission was re-organized with a purpose of emphasizing and elevated its role as an independent federal agency of the government of Pakistan.[23] The executive committee was formed with the efforts from the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission that oversaw the funding of nation's satellite program known as "PakSat".[24][15] Support from the Pakistan Radio Society (PRS) and University of Surrey of England made it possible for the agency to start working satellite program – owning major contributions to United Kingdom that allowed Pakistani scientists to study satellite engineering while participating in building the UoSAT-1 and UO-11, which was launched in 1984.[25][26]
Funding of the communication satellite was purely military rather than space exploration and it was being designed to stage a "cultural counter-attack" on India with the influx of new Pakistani media channels.[12] A 10 m (33 ft) ground station was expanded in Lahore to support satellite operations in 1983.[12] In 1983, the agency started to construct nation's first satellite, which was called Badr-1 (lit. Moon).[27] In 1986, Pakistan negotiated with the United States to launch the satellite but it was eventually China that helped Pakistan launch its first satellite in 1990.[28]
Internal competition and slot crises
editIn 1987, the agency received military's support when the existence of India's missile program was revealed.: 235 [13] Responding to India's program, the missile program known as Hatf program (lit. Target) was launched with Army GHQ wanting the agency to lead the program.: 236 [13] Other than the Hatf-I project with Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), only the Abdali program with DESTO was completed by the Commission.: 236 [13] The missile program was then delegated to national defense laboratories of the Ministry of Defence who proved to be more capable than the agency itself in feasibility of rocket engines and controls system.: 236 [13]
Due to its lack of interests in controls and engineering education on aerodynamics, the agency was limited to two projects as part of the Hatf program, and lost its credibility to KRL and DESTO.[29]: 236 [13][30] As early as in 1995, the agency lost its major contract to private rocket engineering firm, the National Development Complex to design and develop the country's first space booster, Shaheen-I.[30] The Shaheen program was built in close coordination with the Pakistan Air Force which oversaw its engine and launch pad development at the Sonmiani Flight Test Range[31]
The agency maintained its ties with the United Kingdom and started to build another satellite project, Badr-B, which was completed with interaction between DESTO and the British Rutherford Laboratory in 1994.[25] Due to orbital crises and lack of funding, the satellite was not launched until in 2001 by Russia from Baikonur.[25] Although the satellite was operated successfully, the agency lost its control within two years despite the design life of five years with no investigations that were conducted.[12] Between 1993–94, the agency received negative publicity when it lost two orbital slots and was in risk of losing its priority slot if it did not launch its own satellite in 2003.[12] In a view of securing the orbital slot, the agency entered in negotiation with the American firm, the Hughes Satellite Systems, to acquire its first geo-stationary satellite which was originally designed for Indonesia, and renamed the satellite as Paksat-1.[12]
Foreign aid and cooperation
editIn spite of the agency was brought under the National Command Authority with Strategic Plans Division (SPD) becoming its program manager in order to focus on "real development" in 2000,[32] the Chinese cooperation and support to the agency remains vital to pursue the nation's space program.[33] Despite the funding was made possible to construct the first geostationary satellite, the Paksat-1R, in 2004, it was the crucial Chinese cooperation in 2007 that made the project possible to be launched in 2011.[34][35][36][37][38][39][40] Despite initiatives to make the agency more independent in 2012, it was reported that efforts were wasted and work suffered from failure due to lack of government interests in space program.[32]
Because of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, the agency received support from the Chinese government with two satellites, PakTES-1A and PRSS-1, were launched by China in 2018..[41] The PRSS-1 is Pakistan's first electro-optical satellite that is designed and built by the China Academy of Space Technology with agency controlling the satellites from satellite centers in Lahore and Karachi.[42] While the PakTES-1A is an experimental satellite that is solely built by the SUPARCO.[41][43]
Besides Chinese contribution, Russia also helped Pakistan to establish a Mission Control Center in Karachi in 2009 to support their International Cospas-Sarsat Programme, which later receive more support from Russia in 2012.[44][45]
In 2019, the agency reached out to United Arab Emirates Space Agency to take part in the Global Space Congress for the first time held at Abu Dhabi, where they held an exhibition on their satellite-related projects.[46]
In cooperation with CNSA, Pakistan sent its first lunar orbiter mission called ICUBE-Q along with Chang'e 6.[47][48]
Functions
editIn 2005, then-President Pervez Musharraf outlined his vision for SUPARCO by laying down a clearly defined agenda for the national space agency to pursue and deliver in minimum time. Musharraf had made it clear that:
"Pakistan would need to catch up to the world space leaders and make up for lost time and neglect in the past and future"[39]
In his book, In the Line of Fire: A Memoir, Musharraf expressed that "SUPARCO has suffered severe economic and global sanctions but in future Pakistan will send its satellites from its soil". Revitalization, restructuring, reorientation and modernization of SUPARCO were the main objectives outlined by him. He wanted SUPARCO to be on par with other space agencies around the world. Current functions of the commission include:
Space Technology Development
edit- Research and development (R&D) of communication satellites for secure and reliable communication infrastructure.
- Development of remote sensing satellites for Earth observation, gathering data for various applications.
- Building launch vehicles to deliver these satellites into orbit.
Scientific Advancement
edit- Promoting research in astronomy, planetary science, and astrophysics to understand the universe.
- Contributing to fields like exobiology (life beyond Earth) and astrochemistry (chemical composition of celestial objects).
Socio-Economic Benefits
edit- Utilizing space technology for applications in agriculture, resource exploration, disaster management, and environmental monitoring.
- Advancing information technology and communication infrastructure.
National Security and Defense
edit- Developing space capabilities critical for national security, potentially including aspects of military communication and surveillance.
International Collaboration
edit- Fostering cooperation with other spacefaring nations and international organizations for knowledge sharing and joint space projects.
Facilities
editThe Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission is headquartered in Islamabad and maintains a satellite ground control station in Islamabad and Karachi.[49] The agency maintains a satellite manufacturing center in Lahore and technical support facility in Peshawar and Quetta.[3]
Facility | Location | Description |
---|---|---|
Training and Education | ||
Institute of Space Technology | Islamabad | Institute of Space Technology is a public sector university which offers degree programs in Aerospace Engineering, Communication systems engineering, Material Engineering, Space Sciences and Mechanical Engineering. |
SUPARCO Institute of Technical Training (SITT) | Karachi | A technical training facility. SUPARCO Institute of Technical Training (SITT) offers diploma programs in Mechanical and Electronics Technology. |
External Research Partners | ||
Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics (ISPA) | Karachi University | ISPA is the nations leading and one of the oldest astronomical facility that was built and constructed by the United States. The ISPA is responsible for space and planetary science research.[50] A number of foreign scientists have used and research the ISPA facility where they published numerous articles in the field of space sciences.[51] The ISPA has also a powerful telescope and astronomical observatory which was last provided by the United States Government in the late 1950s.[50] |
Department of Space Science | University of Punjab | The facility carries out a wide variety of research programs in the field of solar physics, plasma physics, astrophysics, remote sensing and planetary sciences.[50] The Department of Space Science has a small astronomical observatory. It is the oldest astronomical observatory in the country and has remained a center of learning for more than 75 years. |
Launch Facility
editSpace Center | Location | Description |
---|---|---|
Sonmiani (space facility) | Sonmiani | It has previously launched Sounding rockets. |
Projects
editRocket engines
editSince 1961, the Commission supported and led the early studies on solid-propellant rocket, which it succeeded in developing the Rehbar-I.[52] The Rehbar-I rocket was a derivative based on the U.S. Nike-Cajun, and continued its service until 1972.[3] Despite leading the investigations on solid-fuel propellants, the Hatf Program only funded two projects to Commission, which were completed with national defense laboratories.[22]
In 1987, the military funded the commission's design study on rocket engines for Hatf-I, which was completed with the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), the national defense laboratory of the Ministry of Defence.[22] In 1995, the Commission designed the rocket engine for the Abdali project, which was completed by DESTO in 2004.[22]
The Commission also conducted studies on rocket engines for the Shaheen program. [53]
PakSat program
editThe PakSat program is a national satellite program of Commission that was conceived in 1979–80.: 21–22 [54] The program is envisioned to consist of two geostationary communication satellites– one operating in orbit and other at in-orbit spare to be stationed at 38°E and 41°E, respectively.: 24 [54]
The PakSat program is designed to develop the television receive-only (TVRO) terminals for the receptions of news, entertainment, and educational channels from direct broadcasting satellite dishes.[55] The official space policy is intend for civilian purposes only with focusing to develop the communication satellites for internet access and remote sensing satellites to address the climatic changes in the country.[56][57][58]
Despite the India's achievement in orbital sciences, the space exploration second to the missile program that remains to be prioritized due to national security issues.[59] Under the PakSat program only two communication and two earth observation satellites are built by China as Commission's contractor.[60][61]
Satellite | Mass and weight | Satellite by type | Launch agency | Launch site | Status | Launch date | Remarks and notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Badr-1 | 52 kg (115 lb) | LEO/COM | CASC | Xichang in China | Inactive | 16 July 1990 | Built in coordinate with University of Surrey |
Paksat-1E | 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) | GEO | Hughes | Cape Canaveral in United States | Inactive | 1 February 1996 | Built and owned by the Boeing. |
Badr-B | 68.5 kg (151 lb) | EO | Roscosmos | Baikonur in Kazakhstan | Inactive | 12 December 2001 | Built in coordination with Rutherford Laboratory. |
Paksat-1R | 5,515 kg (12,158 lb) | GEO | CASC | Xichang | Active | 11 August 2011 | Built and manufactured by China with Chinese funding |
iCube-1 | 1 kg (2.2 lb) | LEO | IST | Dombarovsky in Russia | Inactive | 13 November 2013 | Built and manufactured by Pakistan |
Paksat-MM1 | 4,137 kg (9,121 lb) | GEO | Hughes | Cape Canaveral | Inactive | 5 March 2018 | Built and manufactured by Boeing |
Pak-TES-1A | 300 kg (660 lb) | LEO | CNSA | Jiuquan | Active | 9 July 2018 | Built and manufactured by SUPARCO |
PRSS-1 | 300 kg (660 lb) | LEO | CNSA | Jiuquan | Active | 9 July 2018 | Jointly built and manufactured by China and Pakistan |
ICUBE-Q | 9.0 kg (19.8 lb) | Lunar Orbiter | IST | Wenchang | Active | 3 May 2024 | Jointly built and manufactured by Institute of Space Technology, SUPARCO and Shanghai Jiao Tong University |
Paksat-MM1R | 5,400 kg (11,900 lb) | GEO | CASC | Xichang | Active | 30 May 2024 | Built by CASC |
Planetary sciences and scientific missions
editEvery year, SUPARCO sponsors and organizes the World Space Week (WSW) to promote the understanding of the Earth science all over the country.[63] SUPARCO works with a number of universities and research institutions to engage in research in observational astronomy and astrophysics.[50] The Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics (ISPA) of the Karachi University conducts key research and co-sponsors with international level research programs in astrophysics, with joint ventures of SUPARCO.[64]
SUPARCO continuous development of the space program, with particular focus on indigenous, self-reliance and introduction of the state-of-the-art technologies, SUPARCO also offers its services to the private sector consortium to satisfy the industrial and environmental needs and to support economic competitiveness.[65]
SUPARCO operates a national balloon launching facility in Karachi to conduct studies in atmospheric sciences to determine the vertical profile of ozone up to 30–35 km.[66] This balloon sounding facility has been extensively used for carrying out research in better understanding of the meteorology and how the ozone layer vary seasonally in the stratosphere and troposphere.[66] The Ionospheric Station at Karachi operates a Lonosonde observation facility, and recently the balloon flight mission was carried out by the station on 16 January 2004, up to an altitude of about 36 km to measure the vertical profile of the O3 trends.[66] The maximum O3 observed 12.65 mPa at 27 km.[66] One of the most notable mission of SUPARCO is its Lunar program that conducts observational studies on the activity of Lunar phases and distributes its publications within the public domain.[67]
Astronomy and Astrophysics program
editThe SUPARCO Astrophysics program, is an active scientific mission of the Space Research Commission (SUPARCO), dedicated for the development of space science.[68] The program's mainstream objective and aim is to conduct research studies for the advancement and better understanding of the theoretical physics, astronomy, astrophysics, and mathematics involving the three-dimensional universal space and time.[68]
SUPARCO's Space Program 2040, launched in 2012, incorporates astronomy and astrophysics research into a single program focused on theoretical and observational studies. This program explores vast topics like quantum mechanics, deep space objects, dark matter and energy, supernovae, nebulae, and galaxies. Aligned with Pakistan's official space policy, it also aims to strengthen public understanding of physics and mathematics through educational initiatives like academic bulletins and public events celebrating astronomy milestones. This program fosters collaboration with international space agencies and builds upon public interest sparked by SUPARCO's celebration of the International Year of Astronomy in 2009 which was widely appreciated by the public.[68][69] Since then, SUPARCO has managed and held the World Space Week events and functions all over the country to educate the public circles in the notable areas of interest of astrophysics.[70][71]
Currently, SUPARCO is planning to established its own version astronomical observatory, apart from the control of the universities and institutions, to conduct furthermore theoretical research in astrophysics and mathematics.[72] On monthly basis, SUPARCO through its bulletin covers the research events and book reviews as well as work being carried out at SUPARCO under this program.[69][73]
Since its establishment, a total of nine important publications has been released under the auspicious of this program with the last volume was issued in September 2012.[74]
Geomagnetic Field Monitoring Program
editThe Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission of Pakistan (SUPARCO) runs the Geomagnetic Field Monitoring Program, a scientific mission dedicated to geomagnetism research.[75] This program aims to improve understanding of Earth's magnetic field and its associated hazards. They monitor variations in the South Asian region's geomagnetic field through a network of observatories in Islamabad and Karachi. Data collected fuels ongoing studies of Earth's magnetic field and is shared with national and international institutions . Established in 1983 at the Sonmiani space facility, the program expanded in 2008 with a second observatory. SUPARCO regularly releases public domain bulletins containing geomagnetic data and research on solar flare and magnetic storm effects. [76]
Other specific programs
edit- Scientific space research
- Remote sensing of Earth
- Satellite telecommunication systems
- Geographic Information System
- Natural Resource Surveying
- Environmental monitoring
- Acquisition of data for atmospheric/meteorological studies
- Development of the ground-based infrastructure for navigation and special information system
- Development of research, test and production base of the space sector
History of Leadership at SUPARCO
editInternational cooperation
editPeople's Republic of China
editIn August 2006, People's Republic of China signed an agreement with Pakistan to conduct joint research in space technology and committed to work with Pakistan to launch three Earth-weather satellites over the next five years.[77] In May 2007, China (as a strategic partner) publicly signed an agreement with Pakistan to enhance cooperation in the areas of space science and technology. The Pakistan-China bilateral cooperation in the space industry span a broad spectrum, including climate science, clean energy technologies, atmospheric and Earth sciences, and marine sciences. On the occasion of Chinese launch of PakSat-1R, Pakistan's ambassador to China expressed the natural desire of Pakistan for China to send a first officially designated Pakistan astronaut to space aboard a Chinese spacecraft.[78]
Turkey
editIn December 2006, Turkey showed interest to form a joint-venture with Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization where Pakistan is a member.[79] In 2006, Turkish minister of science, accompanied by the Turkish Ambassador to Pakistan, signed the Memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Pakistan to form a joint-venture with Pakistan in the development of satellite technology.[79] The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey and Turkish Aerospace Industries's senior ranking officials and representative signed a separate accord with the SUPARCO to enhance the cooperation in the satellite development program.[79]
United Arab Emirates
editIn March 2019, SUPARCO took part in the Global Space Congress for the first time held at Abu Dhabi, where they held an exhibition on their satellite-related projects [when?].[46]
International Collaboration and MoU's
editInvited by Soviet Union, SUPARCO joined the COSPAS-SARSAT program in 1990, after receiving the approval of the Government of Pakistan.[80] Since 1990, SUPARCO has been controlling and hosting many Soviet-Russian COSPAS-SARSAT satellites.[80] The Pakistan Mission Control Center in Karachi serves as headquarter of the region to control the Cospas satellites, and over the years SUPARCO has emerged as lead agency to provide ground and satellite transmissions to Cospas-Sarsat program.[80] Pakistan is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO).[81] SUPARCO and the Department of Space have signed formal Memorandum of Understanding agreements with a number of foreign political entities[citation needed]:
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ Yousafzai, Fawad (18 October 2023). "Govt appoints Yousuf Khan as SUPARCO chief". www.nation.com.pk.
- ^ "Rs. 7.3951 billion earmarked for SUPARCO in PSDP 2022-23". 10 June 2022.
- ^ a b c "About Suparco". SUPARCO. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ Lele 2012, pp. 44, 45.
- ^ Sahim, Sarmad (28 September 2020). "SUPARCO vs ISRO -". Retrieved 13 August 2022.
- ^ a b Lele 2012, p. 46.
- ^ "Pakistan Space Program". www.aerospaceguide.net. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ Staff Desk (14 July 2011). "NCA okays Nuclear Power Prog 2050, Space Prog 2040". The News International Directorate for Science and Technology. The News International. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ "National Satellite Program". Suparco.gov.pk. SUPARCO. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ Mughal, Bilal Karim (24 September 2018). "Pakistan steps forward in astronomy and space sciences". The Dawn. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ Mughal, Bilal Karim (September 2014). "Metro Bus or Mars: The problem with our priorities". The Dawn. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Siddiqui, Salman (1 August 2012). "Lagging behind: 2040 – Pakistan's space od[d]yssey". The Tribune Express (TEX). Tribune Express. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
fty years ago, Pakistan's [then] only Nobel laureate Dr Abdus Salam conceived the idea of the country's first space research programme and national space agency in 1961.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Khan, Feroz (7 November 2012). "Pakistan's Missile Quest". Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb (google books). Stanford University Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-8047-8480-1. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
- ^ Fayyazuddin, Professor Abdus Salam as I know him, National Center for Physics
- ^ a b c d e f "Metro Bus or Mars". 26 September 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^ "Rehbar Sounding Rocket". www.tariqmustafa.com.
- ^ "Team". khaleejtimes.com.
- ^ Khan, Usman Ali (18 July 2018). "Pakistan's space initiatives". southasiajournal.net. South Asia Journal. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ "Aerospace". Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^ "Modi's space diplomacy puts India into new orbit". 30 April 2017 – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.
- ^ Staff Correspondents (8 June 2012). "Pakistan's first rocket soars 80 miles high". Dawn Newspapers. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
{{cite news}}
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has generic name (help) - ^ a b c d e "Pakistan Derives its First "Hatf" Missiles from Foreign Space Rockets". Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^ Mahmud, Salim, Munir Ahmad Khan Memorial Reference, Islamabad, Pakistan, April 28, 2007, retrieved, October 12, 2023.
- ^ Gasparini Alves, Péricles (2000). "The Transfer of Dual-Use Outer Space Technologies: Confrontation or Cooperation" (PDF). Université de Genève, Institut Universitaire de Hautes Études Internationales. pp. 93–99. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- ^ a b c Mehmud, PhD, Salim; P. Proctor (20 March 2000). "Pakistan and Satellite Communication Systems". Salim Mehmud, former Chairman of the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission and technical director of the Hatf-I project. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ^ "Space Today Online - Amateur Radio Satellites Launched in the 1990s - Pakistan's Badr". www.spacetoday.org. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "Pakistan and Satellite Communication Systems". www.globalsecurity.org. global security. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "Pakistan and Satellite Communication Systems". Federation of American Scientists (FAS). Pakistan Military Consortium. 20 March 2000. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ The Risk Report (8 October 1995). "Pakistan Derives its First "Hatf" Missiles from Foreign Space Rocket". W. Wisconsin Project. p. 4. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
- ^ a b Kiran Krishan Nair (1 December 2008). "A Stiff Challenge: Pakistan and Space Race with India". Space : the frontiers of modern defence. New Delhi: Knowledge World in association with Centre for Air Power Studies. pp. 133–199. ISBN 978-8187966449.
- ^ Hanif Khalid (19 April 1999). "How 'Shaheen' Was Developed". The News International, 1999. p. 10. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- ^ a b Farva Kaukab (21 February 2012). "Suparco finds it hard to deal with local govt". Dawn Newspapers. Karachi, Sindh. Dawn News Group. p. 1. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- ^ Staff Correspondents (3 February 2005). "Musharraf outlines agenda for expediting Pak's space program". Pakistan Tribune. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
{{cite news}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - ^ ARY News (27 December 2010). "Pakistan to launch satellite in 2011". ARY Digital Network. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- ^ Staff report (11 August 2011). "Paksat-1R launch in China this week". The Nation, 2011. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- ^ Siddiqui, Salman (12 August 2011). "PAKSAT-1R: China launches Pakistan's 'first' communications satellite". Tribune Express. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- ^ Suparco. "PakSat-IR" (google docs). SUPARCO SAtellites. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- ^ "China ExImbank provides further financing for Paksat project". Connectivity Business News. 4 November 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ a b "Nothing found for 2005 02 04 Top2". Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^ APP (11 August 2011). "Pakistan's first Communications Satellite PAKSAT-1R launched". Dawn Newspapers. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- ^ a b "China successfully launches 2 remote sensing satellites PRSS-1, PakTES-1A for close ally Pakistan". 9 July 2018.
- ^ "Pakistan Remote Sensing Satellite". Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "Pakistan steps forward in astronomy and space sciences - Pakistan - DAWN.COM". 24 September 2018.
- ^ SUPARCO. "Successful Commissioning of the upgraded COSPAS-SARSAT Mission Control Center in Pakistan" (PDF). SUPARCO-COSPAS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
- ^ "COSPAS-SARSAT". Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ a b Nasir, Sarwat. "Pakistan shows interest in UAE's space programme". Khaleej Times.
- ^ Andrew Jones [@AJ_FI] (25 April 2023). "China's Chang'e-6 sample return mission (a first ever lunar far side sample-return) is scheduled to launch in May 2024, and expected to take 53 days from launch to return module touchdown. Targeting southern area of Apollo basin (~43º S, 154º W)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- ^ "Earth observation". Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d "International Year of Astronomy 2009 – Pakistan National Node". Archived from the original on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^ "WSW 2008 Celebrations in Karachi". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^ "suparco website". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^ Global Security.org (20 August 2009). "Pakistan's Shaheen-III? Space Booster development: Pakistan Finally Dropped the Other Shoe". Global Security.org. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- ^ a b Space Research in Pakistan. Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Committee (SUPARCO). 1988. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ Shahrokhi, F. (1990). Progress In Astronautics and Aeronautics: Commercial Opportunities In Space. AIAA. ISBN 978-1-60086-382-0.
- ^ "The Push to Boost Pakistan's Space Program". Quwa. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
- ^ Lele 2012, pp. 49: "Pakistan has announced Space Programme 2040 a satellite development and launch programme with intention to replace the Badr programme with emphasis on development and launching of geostationary communication satellite"
- ^ SUPARCO. "Successful Commissioning of the upgraded COSPAS-SARSAT Mission Control Center in Pakistan" (PDF). Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission. SUPARCO Press Release. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
- ^ Moltz, James Clay (2011). "Pakistan in Space race". Asia's Space Race: National Motivations, Regional Rivalries, and International Risks. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 174–180. ISBN 978-0-231-15688-2.
- ^ "Pakistan's First National Communication Satellite Launched Today" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
- ^ Tribune.com.pk (12 August 2011). "PAKSAT-1R: China launches Pakistan's 'first' communications satellite". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
- ^ Ganguly, Šumit; O'Donnell, Frank (28 October 2022). Routledge Handbook of the International Relations of South Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-75552-7. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- ^ "WSW Activities in Pakistan". SUPARCO WSW. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- ^ "Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics". Retrieved 22 September 2012.
- ^ "Services to Private industrial sector". SUPARCO. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Space and Atmospheric Research". SUPARCO. Karachi Ionospheric Station. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
- ^ See :Lunar prediction program
- ^ a b c SUPARCO; et al. (January 2012). "Our Sky (first introduction)" (PDF). SUPARCO Astronomy & Astrophysics Bulletin. 1 (1): 1–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ a b Front News Desk (3 January 2012). "SUPARCO to launch astronomy bulletin". Daily Times, Pakistan. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ Suparco. "International Year of Astronomy". SUPARCO Space awareness division. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ "World Space Week 2012 i". Suparco Space Science division. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ Iqbal, Muhammad (2 January 2012). "SUPARCO will launch astrophysics bulletin". Brecorder online. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ "SUPARCO Astrophysics Program". Government of Pakistan. Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ Zareen, Rizla. "The Astronomy and Astrophysics Program". The Astrophysics Program. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
- ^ SUPARCO. "Geomagnetic Field Monitoring Program". Geomagnetic Field Monitoring Program. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
- ^ SUPARCO. "Geomagnetic Field Monitoring". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
- ^ Online, Asia Time. "Asia Times Online :: South Asia news – China, Pakistan cooperate in space". Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^ "Paksat-1R launch in China this week". 8 August 2011. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^ a b c Chen, Ruth. "Turkey joins Pakistan, China in joint efforts for Space Technology". Pakistan Times. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ a b c SUPARCO-COSPAS-SARSAT Program. "Search & Rescu". SUPARCO-COSPAS-SARSAT Program. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
- ^ APSCO Member States Archived 22 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
Sources
edit- Lele, Ajey (2012). Asian Space Race: Rhetoric or Reality. Springer press, Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses. ISBN 9788132207337. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
External links
edit- CNBC Pakistan televised Interview with Salim Mehmud – Chairman SUPARCO-Available in Urdu language
- Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) Archived 30 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- FAS report on SUPARCO Archived 11 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- Astronautix
- Shaheen- PSLV