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Bokar or Bokar-Ramo (IPA: [bɔk˭ar ɡɔm]; pinyin: Bogar Luoba) is a Tani language spoken by the Lhoba in West Siang district, Arunachal Pradesh, India (Megu 1990) and Nanyi Township 南伊珞巴民族乡, Mainling County, Tibet Autonomous Region, China (Ouyang 1985).
| Bokar | |
|---|---|
| Bokar-Ramo | |
| Region | Arunachal Pradesh, Tibet |
| Ethnicity | Lhoba |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | boka1249 |
| ELP | Bokar |
 Bokar is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
The Ramo dialect is spoken in Mechukha Subdivision and Monigong Circle (Badu 2004).
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | ||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | pʲ | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | bʲ | d | ɡ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | tɕ | |||||
| voiced | dʑ | ||||||
| Fricative | (s) | ɕ | h, (ɦ) | ||||
| Nasal | m | mʲ | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||
- The pronunciation of /ɕ/ may vary between [ɕ] and [s] among different dialects.
- Some speakers may also pronounce /tɕ/ as [ts] when preceding vowels other than /i/.
- /h/ can be realized as either voiced [ɦ] or [h], when preceding /i/.
- Stops /p t k/ are heard as unreleased [p̚ t̚ k̚] in word-coda position.
- A retroflex affricate /tʂ/ can also occur only from Tibetan loanwords.[1][2]
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | (ɨ) | ɯ | u |
| Mid | e | ə | o | |
| Open | a | |||
- /ɯ/ can also be heard as more central [ɨ].[3]
- /o/ is heard as more open and nasalized before /ŋ/ as [ɔ̃ŋ].
Writing system
editBokar is written in the Latin script in India and the Tibetan script in China.[4]
References
edit- ^ Sun, Tianshin (1993). A Historical-comparative Study of the Tani (Mirish) Branch in Tibeto-Burman. p. 495.
- ^ Ouyang, Jueya (1985). Luobazu yuyan jian zhi (Beng ni - Bo ga er yu) [珞巴族 语言 简 志 (崩 尼 - 博 嘎 尔 语)]. Minzu chubanshe [民族出版社].
- ^ Megu, Shri Arak (1990). Bokar Language Guide. Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.
- ^ "ScriptSource - Luoba, Boga'er".
- Badu, Tapoli. 2004. Ramo language guide. Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.
- Ouyang, Jueya. 1985. Luobazu Yuyan Jianzhi (Bengni-Boga'eryu) [Brief Description of the Luoba Nationality Language (The Bengni-Bokar Language)]. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
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