The Oxford Clay (or Oxford Clay Formation) is a Jurassic marine sedimentary rock formation underlying much of southeast England, from as far west as Dorset and as far north as Yorkshire. The Oxford Clay Formation dates to the Jurassic, specifically, the Callovian and Oxfordian ages,[1] and comprises two main facies. The lower facies comprises the Peterborough Member, a fossiliferous organic-rich mudstone. This facies and its rocks are commonly known as lower Oxford Clay. The upper facies comprises the middle Oxford Clay, the Stewartby Member, and the upper Oxford Clay, the Weymouth Member. The upper facies is a fossil poor assemblage of calcareous mudstones.
| Oxford Clay | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Middle to Late Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian), | |
 Coastal exposure of the Oxford Clay Formation near Weymouth | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Ancholme Group |
| Sub-units | Peterborough Member, Stewartby Member, Weymouth Member |
| Underlies | West Walton Formation, Corallian Group |
| Overlies | Kellaways Formation, Osgodby Formation |
| Thickness | Up to 185 metres, typically 50 to 70 m on East Midlands Shelf |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Claystone |
| Other | Mudstone |
| Location | |
| Region | Oxford, Peterborough, Dorset, Yorkshire |
| Country | England |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Oxford |
Oxford Clay appears at the surface around Oxford, Peterborough and Weymouth and is exposed in many quarries around these areas. The top of the Lower Oxford Clay shows a lithological change, where fissile shale changes to grey mudstone. The Middle and Upper Oxford Clays differ slightly, as they are separated by an argillaceous limestone in the South Midlands.
Palaeontology
editThe Oxford Clay is well known for its rich fossil record of fish and invertebrates.[2] Many of the fossils are well preserved, occasionally some are found exceptionally well preserved. Animals which lived in the Oxford Clay Sea include plesiosaurs, marine crocodiles, ichthyosaurs, cephalopods (such as belemnites), bivalves (such as Gryphaea), and a variety of gastropods. Dinosaur eggs are stratigraphically present in the Lower Oxford Clay. Geographically, they are located in Cambridgeshire, England.[3]
Ornithischians
editIndeterminate euronithopod remains stratigraphically present in the Lower Oxford Clay and geographically located in Cambridgeshire, England.[3]
Color key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Ornithischians of the Oxford Clay | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|
C. leedsi[3] |
|
Lower[3] |
"Femur."[4] |
An iguanodontian dryosaur. |   | |
|
L. durobivensis[6] |
Lower[6] |
A holotype pelvis. | A stegosaur | |||
|
Indeterminate[8] |
|
|||||
|
L. priscus[3] |
|
Lower[3] |
A stegosaur. | |||
|
S. leedsi[3] |
|
Lower[3] |
"Partial mandible."[10] |
An ankylosaur. | ||
Saurischians
editColor key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Saurischians of the Oxford Clay | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|
C. stewarti[3] |
|
Lower[3] |
"Rear half of a skeleton."[11] |
   | ||
|
E. oxoniensis[12] |
|
Upper[12] |
Disarticulated skull and skeleton, with some referred limb elements.[13] |
|||
|
Indeterminate[14] |
The caudal vertebrae from Cambridgeshire were mistakenly considered part of the syntypic series of "Ornithopsis" leedsi by Upchurch and Martin (2003).[15] | |||||
|
Indeterminate[12] |
|
Middle[12] |
||||
| M. parkeri |
|
Upper | ||||
Ichthyosaurs
editColor key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Genus | Species | Location | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
O. icenicus |
Plesiosaurs
editColor key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Genus | Species | Location | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
C. eurymerus |
       | |||||
|
C. richardsoni |
A cryptoclidid | |||||
| Eardasaurus |
E. powelli |
|||||
|
L. ferox |
||||||
|
L. pachydeirus |
A thalassophonean pliosaurid | |||||
|
M. candrewi |
A pliosaurid | |||||
|
M. leedsi |
A cryptoclidid | |||||
|
P. dawnii |
A pliosaurid | |||||
|
P. philarchus |
A thalassophonean pliosaurid | |||||
|
P. beloclis |
A cryptoclidid | |||||
|
P. andrewsi |
A thalassophonean pliosaurid; represents a new genus distinct from Pliosaurus | |||||
|
S. vorax |
A thalassophonean pliosaurid | |||||
|
T. seeleyi |
A cryptoclidid |
Pachycormiformes
editColor key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Genus | Species | Location | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leedsichthys | L. problematicus | Giant filter feeding pachycormiform | ||||
| Martillichthys | M. renwickae | Filter feeding pachyocormiform | ||||
| "Hypsocormus" | "H." tenuirostris | Carnivorous pachycormiform, not closely related to Hypsocormus, and more closely related to Orthocormus |
Thalattosuchians
editColor key
|
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; |
| Genus | Species | Location | Member | Abundance | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
L. obtusidens |
A teleosauroid belonging to the Machimosauridae |
    | ||||
|
C. leedsi |
A machimosaurid teleosauroid | |||||
|
S. edwardsi |
Now referred to Neosteneosaurus. | |||||
|
S. durobrivensis |
Junior synonym of N. edwardsi. | |||||
|
N. edwardsi |
A machimosaurid teleosauroid | |||||
|
M. leedsi |
A teleosaurid teleosauroid | |||||
|
M. superciliosus |
This species was referred to a new genus, Thalattosuchus.[16] | |||||
|
T. superciliosus |
||||||
|
G. leedsi |
A metriorhynchine metriorhynchid | |||||
|
S. brachyrhynchus |
A geosaurine metriorhynchid | |||||
|
S. durobrivensis |
A geosaurine metriorhynchid | |||||
|
T. lythrodectikos |
A geosaurine metriorhynchid |
Economic use
editOxford Clay has a porous consistency and is soft and is often used in the making of roads. It is also the source of the Fletton stock brick of which much of London is built. For brick making, the Oxford Clay has the advantage of containing carbon which provides part of the fuel required in firing it so reducing the requirement for an external fuel source.
See also
edit- List of fossil sites (with link directory)
- List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
- Kimmeridge Clay
- London Clay
- Weald Clay
References
edit- ^ "Oxford Clay Formation". The BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
- ^ Martill, D.M.; Hudson J.D. (1991). Fossils of the Oxford Clay. Palaeontological Association.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "10.9 Cambridgeshire, England; 1. Lower Oxford Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 540.
- ^ "Table 18.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 396.
- ^ Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pages 539-540.
- ^ a b "10.7 Dorset, England; 3. Lower Oxford Clay" and "cambridgeshire">"10.9 Cambridgeshire, England; 1. Lower Oxford Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pages 539-540.
- ^ "10.7 Dorset, England; 3. Lower Oxford Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 539.
- ^ Listed as "?Lexovisaurus sp." in "10.10 Bedfordshire, England; 1. Oxford Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 540.
- ^ "10.10 Bedfordshire, England; 1. Oxford Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 540.
- ^ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 367.
- ^ "Table 13.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 265.
- ^ a b c d e f g "10.14 Oxfordshire, England; 8. Middle Oxford Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 540.
- ^ "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 72.
- ^ a b "10.14 Wiltshire, England; 4. Oxford Clay," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 540.
- ^ Noé LF, Liston JJ, Chapman SD. 2010. ‘Old bones, dry subject’: the dinosaurs and pterosaur collected by Alfred Nicholson Leeds of Peterborough, England. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 343: 49–77.
- ^ Young, M.T.; Brignon, A.; Sachs, S.; Hornung, J.; Foffa, D.; Kitson, J.J.N.; Johnson, M.M.; Steel, L. (2021). "Cutting the Gordian knot: a historical and taxonomic revision of the Jurassic crocodylomorph Metriorhynchus". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 192 (2): 510–553. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa092.
- ^ Mark T. Young; Marco Brandalise de Andrade; Stephen L. Brusatte; Manabu Sakamoto; Jeff Liston (2013). "The oldest known metriorhynchid super-predator: a new genus and species from the Middle Jurassic of England, with implications for serration and mandibular evolution in predacious clades". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 475–513. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.704948. S2CID 85276836.
Bibliography
edit- Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka, eds. (2004). The Dinosauria, 2nd edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–880. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
Further reading
edit- Andrews, C. W. 1910. "A Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay, Part I". British Museum (Natural History), London, England: 205 pp.
- Andrews, CW. 1913. "A descriptive catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay, Part II". British Museum (Natural History). pp. 205pp.
- M. J. Benton and P. S. Spencer. 1995. Fossil Reptiles of Great Britain. Chapman & Hall, London 1–386
- J. B. Delair. 1973. "The dinosaurs of Wiltshire". The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine 68:1–7
- P. M. Galton. 1980. "European Jurassic ornithopod dinosaurs of the families Hypsilophodontidae and Camptosauridae". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 160(1):73–95
- D. M. Martill. 1988. "A review of the terrestrial vertebrate of fossils of the Oxford Clay (Callovian-Oxfordian) of England". Mercian Geologist 11(3):171–190