The discography of English electronic band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) includes 14 studio albums and 46 singles, among other releases. The group issued their debut single, "Electricity", in 1979, and achieved several international top 10 hits during the 1980s and 1990s, including their signature songs "Enola Gay" (1980) and "If You Leave" (1986).[1][2] OMD's albums Architecture & Morality (1981), The Best of OMD (1988) and Sugar Tax (1991) were certified platinum or higher in the UK; the gold-certified Dazzle Ships (1983) became one of the band's more influential works.[3][4]
| Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark discography | |
|---|---|
 Co-founders Andy McCluskey (left) and Paul Humphreys in 2011 | |
| Studio albums | 14 |
| EPs | 5 |
| Live albums | 10 |
| Compilation albums | 9 |
| Singles | 46 |
| Video albums | 9 |
| Music videos | 49 |
OMD disbanded in 1996 but reformed in 2006, and have since re-established themselves as a top 10 presence on international album charts. The group's overall record sales stand in excess of 40 million,[5][6][7] with sales of 15 million albums and 25 million singles as of 2019.[8]
Albums
editStudio albums
edit| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Certifications | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UK [9] |
AUS [10] |
CAN [11] |
GER [12] |
NL [13] |
NZ [14] |
SPA [15][16] |
SWE [17] |
SWI [18] |
US [19] | |||
| Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark | 27 | — | — | — | — | 49 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Organisation |
|
6 | — | — | — | — | 18 | 15 | — | — | — | |
| Architecture & Morality |
|
3 | 62 | 18 | 8 | 1 | 22 | 3 | 28 | — | 144 | |
| Dazzle Ships |
|
5 | 100 | 25 | 11 | 19 | 10 | 7 | 38 | — | 162 |
|
| Junk Culture |
|
9 | 54 | 74 | 32 | 12 | — | 27 | 32 | 28 | 182 |
|
| Crush |
|
13 | — | 36 | 23 | 15 | 23 | — | 38 | — | 38 | |
| The Pacific Age |
|
15 | 36 | 18 | 15 | 17 | 14 | — | — | 20 | 47 | |
| Sugar Tax |
|
3 | 96 | 76 | 8 | — | — | — | 7 | 14 | — | |
| Liberator |
|
14 | — | — | 17 | 59 | — | — | 20 | 32 | 169 | |
| Universal |
|
24 | — | — | 39 | — | — | — | 34 | 28 | — | |
| History of Modern |
|
28 | — | — | 5 | 97 | — | — | — | 63 | — | |
| English Electric |
|
12 | — | — | 10 | — | — | 60 | — | 46 | — | |
| The Punishment of Luxury |
|
4 | — | — | 9 | 95 | — | — | — | 44 | — | |
| Bauhaus Staircase |
|
2 | — | — | 7 | — | — | — | — | 38 | — | |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | ||||||||||||
Live albums
edit| Title | Album details |
|---|---|
| Peel Sessions 1979–1983 |
|
| OMD Live: Architecture & Morality & More |
|
| The History of Modern Tour – Live in Berlin |
|
| Dazzle Ships at the Museum of Liverpool |
|
| Access All Areas |
|
| Architecture & Morality/Dazzle Ships – Live at the Royal Albert Hall |
|
| Live with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra 06/10/18 |
|
| Live with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra 07/10/18 |
|
| Live at the Liverpool Empire |
|
| Live at Eventim Hammersmith Apollo |
|
Compilation albums
edit| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Certifications | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UK [9] |
AUS [10] |
CAN [11] |
GER [12] |
NL [13] |
NZ [14] |
SPA [15] |
SWI [18] |
US [19] | |||
| O.M.D. |
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| The Best of OMD |
|
2 | 48 | 19 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 19 | 16 | 46 | |
| The OMD Singles |
|
16 | — | — | 30 | 50 | — | — | — | — |
|
| Navigation: The OMD B-Sides |
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Messages: Greatest Hits |
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| So80s (Soeighties) Present OMD – Curated by Blank & Jones |
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| The Punishment of Luxury: B Sides & Bonus Material |
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Souvenir – The Singles 1979–2019 |
|
18 | — | — | 27 | — | — | — | 70 | — | |
| Architecture & Morality – The Singles |
|
45 | — | — | 39 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | |||||||||||
EPs
edit| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
|---|---|---|
| UK [9] | ||
| The Unreleased '78 Tapes |
|
— |
| The OMD Remixes |
|
35 |
| History of Modern (Part I) |
|
— |
| The Future Will Be Silent |
|
— |
| Dazzle Ships at the Museum of Liverpool |
|
— |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart. | ||
Singles
edit1970s–1980s
edit| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Certifications | Album | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UK [9] |
AUS [10] |
BEL (FL) [28] |
GER [12] |
IRE [29] |
NL [13] |
NZ [14] |
SPA [15] |
US [30] |
US Dance [31] | |||||
| "Electricity" (released twice) | 1979 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Non-album single | ||
| "Red Frame/White Light" | 1980 | 67 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 67[A] | Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark | ||
| "Electricity" (third release) | 99 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||
| "Messages" | 13 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 67[A] | ||||
| "Enola Gay" | 8 | 47 | — | — | 14 | — | 31 | 1 | — | 34 | Organisation | |||
| "Souvenir" | 1981 | 3 | 57 | 16 | 39 | 9 | 38 | — | 1 | — | — | Architecture & Morality | ||
| "Joan of Arc" | 5 | — | — | — | 13 | — | — | — | — | — |
| |||
| "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" | 1982 | 4 | 78 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 7 | 1 | — | — | |||
| "She's Leaving" (Benelux-only release) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||
| "Genetic Engineering" | 1983 | 20 | — | 18 | 20 | 11 | — | — | 6 | — | — | Dazzle Ships | ||
| "Telegraph" | 42 | — | — | 39 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||
| "Locomotion" | 1984 | 5 | 30 | 4 | 14 | 4 | 8 | 32 | — | — | 61 | Junk Culture | ||
| "Talking Loud and Clear" | 11 | — | 6 | 18 | 9 | 6 | — | — | — | — | ||||
| "Tesla Girls" | 21 | — | 32 | — | 21 | 33 | — | — | — | — | ||||
| "Never Turn Away" | 70 | — | — | — | 29 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||
| "So in Love" | 1985 | 27 | 56 | 4 | 18 | 13 | 12 | — | — | 26 | 16 | Crush | ||
| "Secret" | 34 | — | — | 25 | 24 | — | — | — | 63 | — | ||||
| "La Femme Accident" | 42 | — | 17 | — | — | 49 | — | — | — | — | ||||
| "If You Leave" | 1986 | 48 | 15 | — | — | — | — | 5 | — | 4 | — |
|
Pretty in Pink soundtrack | |
| "(Forever) Live and Die" | 11 | 19 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 5 | 14 | — | 19 | — | The Pacific Age | |||
| "We Love You" | 54 | 18 | — | — | — | — | 26 | — | — | 16 | ||||
| "Shame" | 1987 | 52 | — | 27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| "Dreaming" | 1988 | 50 | 33 | 26 | 26 | — | — | 37 | — | 16 | 6 | The Best of OMD | ||
| "Brides of Frankenstein" (US and Canada-only release) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 7 | Non-album single | |||
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | ||||||||||||||
1990s–present
edit| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UK [9] |
UK Indie [33] |
AUS [10] |
BEL (FL) [28] |
GER [12] |
IRE [29] |
NL [13] |
NZ [14] |
SWE [34] |
US Dance [31] | |||
| "Sailing on the Seven Seas" | 1991 | 3 | — | 77 | 39 | 9 | 5 | — | — | 3 | 9 | Sugar Tax |
| "Pandora's Box" | 7 | — | 53 | 19 | 11 | 19 | — | — | 7 | 11 | ||
| "Then You Turn Away" | 50 | — | — | — | 56 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| "Call My Name" | 50 | — | — | — | 28 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| "Stand Above Me" | 1993 | 21 | — | — | 29 | 33 | — | — | 39 | 28 | 6 | Liberator |
| "Dream of Me (Based on Love's Theme)" | 24 | — | — | — | 53 | — | 22 | — | — | — | ||
| "Everyday" | 59 | — | — | — | 60 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| "Walking on the Milky Way" | 1996 | 17 | — | — | — | 53 | — | — | — | 49 | — | Universal |
| "Universal" | 55 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| "If You Want It" | 2010 | 176 | 21 | — | — | 49 | — | — | — | — | — | History of Modern |
| "Sister Marie Says" | 169 | 15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| "Metroland" | 2013 | — | 44 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | English Electric |
| "Dresden" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| "Night Café" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| "Julia's Song" | 2015 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Junk Culture (deluxe edition) |
| "Isotype" | 2017 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | The Punishment of Luxury |
| "The Punishment of Luxury" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| "What Have We Done" | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| "One More Time" | 2018 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| "Don't Go" | 2019 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Souvenir – The Singles 1979–2019 |
| "Electricity" (fourth release) [B] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Non-album single | |
| "Bauhaus Staircase" | 2023 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | Bauhaus Staircase |
| "Look At You Now" | 2024 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | ||||||||||||
Videography
editVideo albums
edit| Title | Album details | Additional information |
|---|---|---|
| Live at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane | Live concert. A DVD of this concert came with the 2007 reissue of Architecture & Morality. | |
| Crush – The Movie |
|
Documentary on the band during the recording of Crush, with promo videos of the album's singles. |
| The Best of OMD |
|
Promo videos |
| Souvenir |
|
Documentary on the history of the band, including the reformation in 2006/2007. |
| OMD Live: Architecture & Morality & More |
|
Live concert |
| Messages: Greatest Hits |
|
Promo videos |
| Electricity: OMD with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra |
|
Live concerts |
| Architecture & Morality/Dazzle Ships – Live at the Royal Albert Hall |
|
Live concert |
| Access All Areas |
|
Live concert |
Music videos
edit| Title | Year | Director |
|---|---|---|
| "Electricity" | 1979 | Unknown |
| "Red Frame/White Light" | 1980 | Russell Mulcahy |
| "Messages" | ||
| "Enola Gay" (version 1) | Unknown | |
| "Enola Gay" (version 2) | ||
| "Souvenir" | 1981 | Peter Saville |
| "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" | 1982 | Steve Barron |
| "Genetic Engineering" | 1983 | |
| "Telegraph" | Peter Sinclair | |
| "Locomotion" | 1984 | Jean-Pierre Berckmans |
| "Talking Loud and Clear" (version 1) | Simon Milne | |
| "Talking Loud and Clear" (version 2) | Unknown | |
| "Tesla Girls" | Simon Milne | |
| "Never Turn Away" | ||
| "So in Love" | 1985 | Andy Morahan |
| "Secret" | ||
| "La Femme Accident" | ||
| "Hold You" | ||
| "If You Leave" | 1986 | Ian Fletcher |
| "(Forever) Live and Die" | Leslie Libman & Larry Williams | |
| "We Love You" | Unknown | |
| "Shame" (version 1) | 1987 | Leslie Libman & Larry Williams |
| "Shame" (version 2) | Unknown | |
| "Dreaming" | 1988 | |
| "Sailing on the Seven Seas" (UK version) | 1991 | Martha Fiennes |
| "Sailing on the Seven Seas" (US version) | Unknown | |
| "Pandora's Box" (UK version) | Andrew Doucette | |
| "Pandora's Box (It's a Long, Long, Way)" (US version) | Unknown | |
| "Then You Turn Away" | ||
| "Call My Name" | Andrew Doucette | |
| "Stand Above Me" (Smoking version) | 1993 | Marcus Nispel |
| "Stand Above Me" (Non-smoking version) | ||
| "Dream of Me (Based on Love's Theme)" | Pedro Romhanyi | |
| "Everyday" | Mr. Reindherr | |
| "Walking on the Milky Way" | 1996 | Howard Greenhalgh |
| "Universal" | ||
| "Enola Gay" (Sash! remix) | 1998 | Unknown |
| "If You Want It" | 2010 | Lilah Vandenburgh |
| "Sister Marie Says" | ||
| "History of Modern (Part 1)" | Danilo Giannini, Bo Nordin, Björn Skallström | |
| "Please Remain Seated" | 2013 | Henning M. Lederer |
| "Decimal" | ||
| "Atomic Ranch" | ||
| "Metroland" | David O'Byrne | |
| "Dresden" | ROBisROB | |
| "Night Café" | Unknown | |
| "Isotype" | 2017 | Henning M. Lederer |
| "The Punishment of Luxury" | Luca Monterosso Wittmann | |
| "What Have We Done" | Unknown |
Soundtracks
edit| Song | Year | Soundtrack |
|---|---|---|
| "Enola Gay" | 1981 | Urgh! A Music War |
| "Enola Gay" | 1983 | Party Party |
| "Tesla Girls" | 1985 | Weird Science |
| "Sealand" | Static | |
| "If You Leave" | 1986 | Pretty in Pink |
| "We Love You" | Playing for Keeps | |
| "Secret" | 1988 | Arthur 2: On the Rocks |
| Film score (unreleased) | 1991 | For the Greater Good (TV) |
| "Locomotion" | 1997 | Thank God He Met Lizzie |
| "Enola Gay" | 2008 | Waltz with Bashir |
| "Enola Gay" | 2009 | 1981 |
| "Electricity" | 2010 | Worried About the Boy |
| "If You Leave" | 2014 | Back in the Day |
| "Secret" | The Skeleton Twins | |
| "So in Love" | The Disappearance of Eleanor Rigby: Them | |
| "If You Leave" | Horrible Bosses 2 | |
| "Enola Gay" | Ex Machina | |
| "So in Love" | 2015 | The D Train |
| "Souvenir" | Mistress America | |
| "Thrill Me" | Eddie the Eagle | |
| "Enola Gay" | 2017 | Rock'n Roll |
| "Electricity", "Enola Gay" | 2021 | Happily |
Notes
edit- ^ a b "Red Frame/White Light" and "Messages" jointly charted on the US Dance chart.
- ^ This version of "Electricity" debuted on the UK Vinyl Singles Chart at No. 1, making it the highest "Electricity" has ever charted.[35]
References
edit- ^ O'Brien, Jon. "Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark – Live in Berlin". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ^ "'Now I'm bored and old': 27 deliberately confounding follow-ups to popular successes". The A.V. Club. 17 August 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ^ Wade, Ian (8 April 2013). "Souvenirs: Andy McCluskey of OMD's Favourite Albums". The Quietus. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
In 1983 [OMD] released the slightly bonkers but deeply influential Dazzle Ships.
- ^ Gray, Martin (7 April 2023). "OMD – Dazzle Ships: 40th Anniversary Reappraisal". Louder Than War. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
A lot of bands now cite Dazzle Ships as an influence.
- ^ Awbi, Anita (19 March 2013). "Andy McCluskey, OMD". PRS for Music. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
- ^ Simpson, Dave (28 October 2019). "OMD review – clap-along electropop sounds even better with age". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ Sherwin, Adam (16 October 2020). "OMD forced to postpone benefit gig for roadies after Andy McCluskey tests positive for Covid-19". iNews. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ^ Hanley, James (24 October 2019). "'It's been a remarkable journey': OMD toast their 40th anniversary". Music Week. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e UK chart peaks:
- Top 100 peaks: "Official Charts > Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- Top 200 peaks from November 1994 to December 2010: "Chart Log UK 1994–2010 > The O – Ozric Tentacles". zobbel.de. Retrieved 7 May 2017. N.B. Peaks other than "If You Want It" are listed under OMD on this page. The peak for "If You Want It" appears under OMD, but where Orchestral Manoevres In the Dark would be listed alphabetically.
- ^ a b c d Australian chart peaks:
- Top 100 (Kent Music Report) peaks to 12 June 1988: Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 224. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA from mid-1983 until 12 June 1988.
- Top 100 (ARIA) peaks from January 1990 to December 2010: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 209.
- ^ a b Peak positions for Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark albums in Canada:
- Architecture & Morality: "RPM 50 Albums". RPM. Vol. 36, no. 11. 24 April 1982. Retrieved 26 July 2022 – via Library and Archives Canada.
- Dazzle Ships: "RPM 100 Albums". RPM. Vol. 38, no. 8. 23 April 1983. Retrieved 26 July 2022 – via Library and Archives Canada.
- Junk Culture: "RPM 100 Albums". RPM. Vol. 40, no. 15. 16 June 1984. Retrieved 26 July 2022 – via Library and Archives Canada.
- Crush: "RPM 100 Albums". RPM. Vol. 42, no. 24. 24 August 1985. Retrieved 26 July 2022 – via Library and Archives Canada.
- The Pacific Age: "RPM 100 Albums". RPM. Vol. 45, no. 13. 20 December 1986. Retrieved 26 July 2022 – via Library and Archives Canada.
- The Best of OMD: "RPM 100 Albums". RPM. Vol. 47, no. 25. 9 April 1988. Retrieved 26 July 2022 – via Library and Archives Canada.
- Sugar Tax: "RPM 100 Albums". RPM. Vol. 54, no. 5. 6 July 1991. Retrieved 26 July 2022 – via Library and Archives Canada.
- ^ a b c d "Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Suchen nach "Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark"" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 20 June 2019. N.B. Select Album tab to display albums chart peaks.
- ^ a b c d "dutchcharts.nl > OMD (Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark) in Dutch Charts". Hung Medien. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
- ^ a b c d "charts.nz > OMD (Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark) in New Zealand Charts". Hung Medien. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ a b c Salaverri, Fernando (2015). Sólo éxitos 1959–2012 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 978-84-8048-866-2.
- ^ "spanishcharts.com - Spanish charts portal". spanishcharts.com. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ "swedishcharts.com - Swedish Charts Portal". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ a b "Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade - hitparade.ch". www.swisscharts.com. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ a b "Billboard > Artists / Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark > Chart History > Billboard 200". Billboard. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "British certifications – OMD". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 7 January 2023. Type OMD in the "Search BPI Awards" field and then press Enter.
- ^ Male, Andrew (July 2019). "Days of Future Passed". Mojo. No. 308. pp. 38–43.
Organisation went gold in both the UK and France.
- ^ a b c "Dutch certifications – Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Retrieved 25 September 2021. Enter Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark in the "Artiest of titel" box.
- ^ a b c Salaverrie, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. p. 916. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Certified Awards Search". Music Canada. Retrieved on 27 August 2011. Note: User needs to enter "Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark" in the "Search" field, "Artist" in the "Search by" field and click the "Go" button. Select "More info" next to the relevant entry to see full certification history.
- ^ a b c "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (OMD)" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ "New Zealand album certifications". Recorded Music NZ. 13 June 1988. Retrieved 26 July 2022.[dead link]
- ^ "Searchable Database". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 27 August 2011. Note: User must define 'Artist' search parameter as "OMD".
- ^ a b "ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS". www.ultratop.be. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ a b "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". irishcharts.ie. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ "Billboard > Artists / Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark > Chart History > The Hot 100". Billboard. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ a b "Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark > Chart History > Dance Club Songs". Billboard. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
- ^ "International" (PDF). Cash Box. 16 January 1982. p. 19. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- ^ Peak positions on the UK Independent Singles Chart:
- "If You Want It": "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- "Sister Marie Says": "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- "Metroland": "Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ "swedishcharts.com - Swedish Charts Portal". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
- ^ "Official Vinyl Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
