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In Freudian psychoanalysis, the term oral stage or hemitaxia denotes the first psychosexual development stage wherein the mouth of the infant is their primary erogenous zone.[1] Spanning the life period from birth to the age of 18 months, the oral stage is the first of the five Freudian psychosexual development stages: (i) the oral, (ii) the anal, (iii) the phallic, (iv) the latent, and (v) the genital.
Oral-stage fixation
editFreud proposed that if the nursing child's appetite were thwarted during any libidinal development stage, the anxiety would persist into adulthood as a neurosis (functional mental disorder).[2] Therefore, an infantile oral fixation would be manifest as an obsession with oral stimulation. If weaned either too early or too late, the infant might fail to resolve the emotional conflicts of the oral stage of psychosexual development and might develop a maladaptive oral fixation.[3]
The infant who is neglected (insufficiently fed) or who is over-protected (over-fed) in the course of being nursed, might become an orally-fixated person. This fixation might have two effects: (i) the neglected child might become a psychologically dependent adult continually seeking the oral stimulation denied in infancy, thereby becoming a manipulative person in fulfilling their needs, rather than maturing to independence; (ii) the over-protected child might resist maturation and return to dependence upon others in fulfilling their needs. Theoretically, oral-stage fixations are manifested as garrulousness (talkativeness), smoking, continual oral stimulus (eating, chewing objects), and alcoholism.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "3.5: Psychosexual Stages of Development". Social Sci LibreTexts. 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
- ^ Felluga, Dino. "Modules on Freud: On Psychosexual Development". Introductory Guide to Critical Theory. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University College of Liberal Arts. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
- ^ Lewis, Christopher Alan (March 1993). "Oral Pessimism and Depressive Symptoms". The Journal of Psychology. 127 (3): 335–343. doi:10.1080/00223980.1993.9915568. ISSN 0022-3980 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
Further reading
edit- Mobbs, E. J. (4 June 1990). "Suckling and Milk Production". The Medical Journal of Australia. 152 (11). Australasian Medical Publishing Company: 616. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb125410.x. ISSN 0025-729X. PMID 2348798. S2CID 199042843.
- Nagera, Humberto, ed. (2014) [1969]. "Oral erotism (pp. 39ff.)". Basic Psychoanalytic Concepts on the Libido Theory. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-31767039-1.