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Operation München

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Operation München (Romanian: Operațiunea München) was the Romanian codename of a joint German-Romanian offensive during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II, with the primary objective of recapturing Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region, ceded by Romania to the Soviet Union a year before (Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina).[6] The operation started during the night of 2–3 July 1941 and concluded successfully after 24 days of fighting. Axis formations involved included the Romanian Third Army (under the command of Petre Dumitrescu) in the north; the German Eleventh Army and subordinated Romanian units (under the command of Eugen Ritter von Schobert) in the center; and the Romanian Fourth Army (under the command of Nicolae Ciupercă) in the south.[7][8] The invasion was followed by a genocide against the Jewish population of Bessarabia.[9]

Operation München
Part of Operation Barbarossa
of the Eastern Front of World War II

Romanian cavalryman escorting Soviet prisoners
Date2–26 July 1941
Location
Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, Hertsa region
Result Axis victory
Belligerents
Soviet Union Soviet Union  Romania
Nazi Germany Germany
Commanders and leaders
Soviet Union Ivan Tyulenev
Soviet Union Yakov Cherevichenko
Soviet Union Andrey Smirnov
Soviet Union Filipp Oktyabrsky		 Kingdom of Romania Ion Antonescu
Kingdom of Romania Petre Dumitrescu
Kingdom of Romania Nicolae Ciupercă
Nazi Germany Eugen von Schobert
Kingdom of Romania Horia Macellariu
Units involved
Odessa Military District:
Soviet Union 9th Army
Soviet Union 12th Army
Soviet Union 18th Army

Army Group Antonescu:

Strength
Soviet Union 364,700 troops
700 tanks
1,750 aircraft
5 river monitors
22 armored motor gunboats		 Kingdom of Romania 325,685 troops[1]
201 tanks
672 aircraft
1 monitor
6 river monitors
4+ armed boats
Nazi Germany 5 divisions, 420 aircraft
Casualties and losses

Total: 17,893
8,519 killed/missing

9,374 wounded
255 aircraft[2]
2 river monitors damaged
7 armored motor gunboats sunk[3]		 Kingdom of Romania Total: 21,738
4,112 killed, 12,120 wounded, 5,506 missing[4]
58 aircraft[5]
Operation München
Units of the German 11th Army building a pontoon bridge across the Prut River during the advance towards Uman

The offensive started on 2 July, with Romanian forces striking north. On 5 July, Cernăuți, the capital of Northern Bukovina, was seized by the 3rd and 23rd Vânători de Munte Battalions. On 16 July, Chișinău, the Bessarabian capital, was seized after heavy fighting by Romanian forces spearheaded by the 1st Romanian Armored Division (Divizia 1 Blindată), equipped mainly with 126 R-2 light tanks. By 26 July, the entire region was under Romanian-German control. On 17 August, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were formally re-integrated into the Romanian state.[10]

Order of Battle

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Axis forces

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Mareșal Ion Antonescu

Soviet forces

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Southern Front – General Colonel Ivan Tyulenev

Fighting in Southern Bessarabia

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The combat operations in Southern Bessarabia were some of the most complex in the entire operation, involving artillery, warships, aviation, soldiers and marines from both sides. The Soviet Danube Flotilla consisted of 5 river monitors, 22 armed and armored motor boats and 7 minesweeping boats. The Romanian Danube Flotilla had 7 river monitors, but fewer, about 4, small armed small boats. Fighting in this sector of the front started days before the operation, with a first skirmish between Soviet and Romanian warships on 23 June, when the Soviet vessels attempted to break the Romanian naval blockade. During the night of 9/10 July, the Soviet warships took advantage of the reduced visibility and managed to sneak out of the blockade. On 26 June, in support of the sea-borne Raid on Constanța, Soviet armored motor gunboats landed troops at Chilia Veche and captured most of the Romanian 15th Marine Infantry Battalion, Romanian losses amounting to 468 troops. The remnants of the battalion, supported by one armed boat and two motorboats, managed to defend Stipoc Island against further Soviet attacks. The Romanian 17th Marine Infantry Battalion managed to hold the Periprava sector all throughout the Operation and the preceding days, repelling numerous Soviet attacks. During this time, its artillery also sank four Soviet armored boats. On the night of 22–23 July, the battalion occupied Tatarbunary. Ultimately, the losses of the Soviet Danube Flotilla amounted to two river monitors damaged, five armored motor boats sunk and one more damaged. On 18–19 July, the Flotilla withdrew from the Danube Delta. Thus, on 22 July, the Romanians occupied Reni, Izmail, Kiliia, and Vylkove.[11]: 52–59, 87–88 [12]

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The Romanian naval formation involved in the operation, the Tulcea Tactical Group, fought several naval engagements against the Soviet Navy. These battles resulted in the damaging of two Soviet monitors and two armored motor gunboats, as well as the sinking of another armored motor gunboat.[12] The two damaged Soviet gunboats were the result of an action preceding the operation by several days.[citation needed]

Action of 13 July

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On 13 July, the Romanian monitor Mihail Kogălniceanu encountered a Soviet monitor near the village of Copana Balca. The Romanian monitor attacked, scoring a direct hit against her Soviet counterpart. The Soviet warship returned fire with no result before retreating.[11]: 58 

Action of 14 July

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On 14 July, Mihail Kogălniceanu attacked the Soviet monitor Udarnyy at Izmail. Like on the previous day, the Romanian monitor scored a direct hit against her Soviet foe, despite the latter's fierce return fire. Udarnyy continued firing while retreating, but yet again, no damage was inflicted upon the Romanian warship.[11]: 58 

Action off Isaccea

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At some point during the Operation, Romanian armed barges shelled and sank an armored motor gunboat off Isaccea.[11]: 58 

Air combat

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Romanian Heinkel He 114 floatplane during Operation München

The first Soviet-Romanian aerial combat was carried out by Sub-Lieutenant Teodor Moscu of Escadrila 51. While flying over Southern Bessarabia, his Heinkel He 112 was attacked by a formation of five Polikarpov I-16. The Romanian pilot swiftly shot down three of them, causing the other two to retreat. Eight more Soviet aircraft were shot down during this battle and 40 more were strafed on the ground, but the Romanians lost 11 of their own aircraft to Soviet ground fire. On 12 July, responding to a powerful Red Army counteroffensive, the Romanians assembled an air fleet of 59 bombers (mostly of Italian and Polish construction) escorted by 54 fighters (including Romanian-made IAR-80s). This mixed force swept the Soviets from the sky before decimating Soviet ground forces (artillery, troops, transports and tanks). In one instance, IAR-80 pilot Vasile Claru ran out of ammunition after destroying three of the six Polikarpovs pursuing him. Consequently, he rammed his plane into a fourth, killing a deputy Soviet squadron commander (M. Shamanov), but Claru himself didn't survive the crash either. Ultimately, the Soviet counteroffensive was repulsed with heavy losses. By 26 July, the Romanians had established air supremacy over Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. They flew a total of 5,100 missions, claiming 88 enemy aircraft shot down in aerial combat plus 108 destroyed on the ground for the cost of 58 of their own aircraft. An additional 59 Soviet aircraft were shot down by Romanian flak.[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Axworthy (1995), p. 45.
  2. ^ Axworthy (1995), p. 286
  3. ^ Preston, Antony (2001). Warship 2001–2002. London, UK: Conway Maritime Press. p. 72. ISBN 9780851779010. OCLC 930862705.
  4. ^ Axworthy (1995), p. 47.
  5. ^ Axworthy (1995), p. 286
  6. ^ Kirchubel, Robert (2004). Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group South. Praeger illustrated military history series. Westport, Conn: Praeger. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-275-98282-9. OCLC 1413006226.
  7. ^ DiNardo, R. L. (2005). Germany and the Axis Powers: From Coalition to Collapse. Modern war studies. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1412-7. OCLC 61478714.
  8. ^ Pena, Cătălin (June 21, 2021). "Operațiunea München: Ostași, vă ordon, treceți Prutul!". Evenimentul Istoric (in Romanian). Retrieved August 31, 2024.
  9. ^ Hausleitner, Mariana (2005). Deutsche und Juden in Bessarabien 1814–1941: zur Minderheitenpolitik Russlands und Grossrumäniens. München: IKGS, Institut für deutsche Kultur u. Geschichte Südosteuropas. ISBN 978-3-9808883-8-7. OCLC 60744554.
  10. ^ Duțu, Alexandru; Dobre, Florica; Loghin, Leonida (1999). Armata română în al doilea război mondial: (1941–1945); dicționar enciclopedic. București: Editura Enciclopedică. ISBN 978-973-45-0299-8. OCLC 44467706.
  11. ^ a b c d Rotaru, Jipa; Damaschin, Ioan (2000). Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940–1945. București: Editura Ion Cristoiu. ISBN 9789739954471. OCLC 9739954472.
  12. ^ a b Trigg, Jonathan (2017). Death on the Don: The Destruction of Germany's Allies on the Eastern Front, 1941–44. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press Limited. Chapter 3. ISBN 9780750979467. OCLC 1004426636.
  13. ^ Joseph, Frank (2011). The Axis air forces: flying in support of the German Luftwaffe. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-Clio. p. 164. ISBN 9780313395918. OCLC 768732132.

Bibliography

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