Operation PX (Japanese: PX行動, romanized: PX kōdō), also known as Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night (夜桜作戦 Yozakura Sakusen)[1] was a planned Japanese military attack on civilians in the United States using biological weapons, devised during World War II. The proposal was for Imperial Japanese Navy submarines to launch seaplanes that would deliver weaponized bubonic plague, developed by Unit 731 of the Imperial Japanese Army, to the West Coast of the United States. The operation was abandoned shortly after its planning was finalized in March 1945 due to the strong opposition of General Yoshijirō Umezu, Chief of the Army General Staff.
| Operation PX | |
|---|---|
| Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night | |
| Operational scope | West Coast of the United States |
| Planned | December 1944 |
| Planned by | Jisaburō Ozawa aided by Shirō Ishii |
| Objective | Spreading weaponized bubonic plague and other pathogens on US West Coast |
| Outcome | Cancelled in March 1945 |
Overview
editOperation PX was proposed in December 1944 by the Japanese Naval General Staff, led by Vice-Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa. The name for the operation came from the Japanese use of the code name PX for Pestis bacillus-infected fleas. In planning the operation, the navy partnered with Lieutenant-General Shirō Ishii of Unit 731, who had extensive experience on weaponizing pathogenic bacteria and human vulnerability to biological and chemical warfare.[2]
The plan for the attack involved Seiran aircraft launched by submarine aircraft carriers upon the West Coast of the United States—specifically, the cities of San Diego, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. The planes would spread weaponized bubonic plague, cholera, typhus, dengue fever, and other pathogens in a biological terror attack upon the population. The submarine crews would infect themselves and run ashore in a suicide mission.[3][4][5][6]
Planning for Operation PX was finalized on March 26, 1945, but shelved shortly thereafter due to the strong opposition of Chief of General Staff Yoshijirō Umezu. Umezu later explained his decision as such: "If bacteriological warfare is conducted, it will grow from the dimension of war between Japan and America to an endless battle of humanity against bacteria. Japan will earn the derision of the world."[7]
A final planned use of the biological weapons came just after the surrender of Japan, as Shirō Ishii planned to stage suicide germ attacks against U.S. occupation troops in Japan. This planned attack never took place either, due to opposition from Yoshijirō Umezu and Torashirō Kawabe, who did not want Ishii to die in a suicide attack, and asked him to instead "wait for [the] next opportunity calmly".[8]
After the war, Operation PX was first discussed in an interview by former captain Eno Yoshio, who was heavily involved with planning for the attack, in an interview with Sankei on August 14, 1977. According to Yoshio, "This is the first time I have said anything about Operation PX, because it involved the rules of war and international law. The plan was not put into actual operation, but I felt that just the fact that it was formulated would caused [sic] international misunderstanding. I never even leaked anything to the staff of the war history archives at the Japanese Defense Agency, and I don't feel comfortable talking about it even now. But at the time, Japan was losing badly, and any means to win would have been all right."[9]
References
edit- ^ "Shiro Ishii, il padre della guerra biologica". December 4, 2021.
- ^ Working, Russell (June 5, 2001). "The trial of Unit 731". Japan Times. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
- ^ Garrett, Benjamin C. and John Hart. Historical Dictionary of Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Warfare, page 159.
- ^ Geoghegan, John. Operation Storm: Japan's Top Secret Submarines and Its Plan to Change the Course of World War II, pages 189–191.
- ^ Gold, Hal. Unit 731 Testimony: Japan's Wartime Human Experimentation Program, pages 89–92
- ^ Kristoff, Nicholas D. (March 17, 1995). "Unmasking Horror -- A special report.; Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity". The New York Times. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
- ^ Felton, Mark. The Devil's Doctors: Japanese Human Experiments on Allied Prisoners of War, Chapter 10
- ^ "Unit 731 planned germ warfare against U.S. forces after end of war". Asian Political News. Jul 24, 2006. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
- ^ Gold, page 89