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Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas

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Operation Beit-ol-Moqaddas (Persian: عملیات بیت‌المقدس; Operation Jerusalem), also known as the Operation Toward Beit-ol-Moqaddas (عملیات الی بیت‌المقدس),[3] was an Iranian operation conducted during the Iran–Iraq War. The operation was a success, as it achieved its standing aim of liberating Khorramshahr and pushed Iraqi troops back to the border. This operation, coupled with Operation Tariq-ol-Qods, and Operation Fath-ol-Mobin, succeeded in evicting Iraqi troops from southern Iran and gave Iran the momentum.

Operation Beit ol-Moqaddas
Part of Iran–Iraq War
Date24 April – 24 May 1982
(1 month)
Location
Khuzestan, South-West Iran
Result Iranian victory
Territorial
changes		 Iranians liberated Khorramshahr and the town of Hoveyzeh as well as villages, around 4,500 km2 overall, and pushed Iraqi forces to near the border
Belligerents
 Iraq  Iran
Commanders and leaders
Iraq Col. Ahmad Zeidan † (Commander of Iraqi forces in Khorramshahr)
Iraq Maj. Gen. Salah al-Qadhi Executed (commander of III Corps)
Iraq Juwad Shitnah
Iraq Muhsin Abd al-Jalil  (POW)		 Iran Mohsen Rezai
Iran Col. Ali Sayad Shirazi
Iran Gholam Ali Rashid
Iran Col. Massoud Monfared Niyaki
Iran Hassan Baqer †
Iran Col. Hossein Hassani Saadi †
Iran Ahmad Gholampoor †
Iran Col. Siroos Lotfi †
Strength

65,000 troops:[1]
90 infantry battalions
43 armored battalions
23 mechanized battalions
22 commando battalions
12 border guard battalions
30 artillery battalions

500 tanks, 500 APCs and 500 artillery pieces[1]

200,000 troops:[1]
112 infantry battalions
23 armored battalions
9 mechanized battalions
29 artillery battalions
5 combat engineer battalions
1 pontoon bridge battalion
4 army aviation units (96 helicopters)
700–1,000 tanks[2][1]

≈600 artillery pieces[1]
Casualties and losses

8,000 killed
15,000 wounded
19,000 captured[1]

250 tanks, 300 APCs, 100 artillery pieces destroyed or captured[1]

12,000–15,000 killed
25,000 wounded[1]

400 tanks destroyed[1]

Prelude

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See also: Battle of Khorramshahr (1980)

On 22 September 1980, because of threats from Khomeini's regime, leading to the abrogation of the 1975 Algiers Agreement, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein declared war against Iran and launched a land invasion of southern Iran, although operations did occur elsewhere on the Iran–Iraq border. After achieving successes due to the post-Revolution military and political chaos in Iran, Saddam Hussein ordered that the Iraqi troops "dig-in" on the front line. He hoped that this would show the world that he cared about the fate of the Iranian people, and that he was only concerned with achieving his aim of securing the entire Shatt al-Arab waterway, which had been resolved since the 1975 Algiers Agreement, but was disputed again since the treaty was abrogated due to Iran's actions. However, since the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979, Iraq had felt that it was necessary to assume what it wanted through force, since previous attempts in getting the revolutionary Iranian government to negotiate a new settlement had proved fruitless, due to Iran's foreign policy.

Once the Iraqi forces had settled, the Iranians were planning a series of operations designed to evict the Iraqis from southern Iran, of which Operation Tariq al-Qods was one.

Battle

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The Iranians attacked, with some 70,000 soldiers in the Ahvaz–Susangerd area. The Iraqi forces in the area withdrew, and strengthened the defenses of Khorramshahr.

The Iraqis launched a counter-offensive on 20 May. However, despite its scale, the Iranians were able to repulse the attack.

On 24 May, the Iranians liberated Khorramshahr; the strategic and symbolic Iranian city whose capture by Iraq had been the low-point of Iranian fortunes in the early days of the war.[4]

The Iraqis were ordered to retreat, although many had done so when Khorramshahr had fallen, back into Iraq. The Iranians captured 15,000-19,000 Iraqi troops and a substantial amount of Iraqi military hardware in Khorramshahr.[4]

The commander of the Iraqi forces in the city, Colonel Ahmad Zeidan, attempted to flee, but was trapped in a minefield which previously had been set up on his orders, and killed when he stepped on a mine.[5]

Units

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Iran

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Iranian units involved in the operation were as follows:[6][7][8] Each IRGC battalion was consisted of 300 Basij volunteers at most, while each Army battalion was around 2.5 times bigger. However, the number of battalions in each IRGC brigade was bigger than those of the Army.[9]

Karbala Central Headquarters
Commanded by Mohsen Rezaei (IRGC commander) and Col. Ali Sayyad Shirazi (Army commander)

Combat engineer units involved were as follows:

  • Army: 63 engineering vehicles overall
    • Combat Engineer Battalion of 21st Division
    • Combat Engineer Battalion of 92nd Division
    • Combat Engineer Battalion of 16th Division
    • 411th Combat Engineer Group of Borujerd
      • 422nd Pontoon Bridge Group of Daghagheleh, Ahvaz
    • 411th Pontoon Bridge Battalion
    • 414th Combat Engineer Battalion
      • Zafar Company
  • IRGC: 60 engineering vehicles overall
  • Jihad of Construction: 100 engineering vehicles overall

Other forces included:

Iraq

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Iraqi units involved in the operation were as follows:[10][6][7]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Razoux, Pierre (2015). The Iran-Iraq War. Harvard University Press, 2015. p. 210. ISBN 978-0674915718.
  2. ^ Buchan, James (15 October 2013). Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and Its Consequences. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781416597773. Retrieved 19 October 2017 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ "آنچه باید درباره عملیات "بیت المقدس" بدانیم +عکس و نقشه". مشرق نیوز (in Persian). 2015-05-25. Retrieved 2019-03-18.
  4. ^ a b "Liberation of Khorramshahr manifested Iranian combat prowess". Mehr News Agency. 2023-05-23. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  5. ^ "Khorramshahr Liberation Day: 24 May 1982". Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  6. ^ a b "Untitled Page". www7.irna.ir. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  7. ^ a b اله, جعفری, فتح (1 February 2005). "تحلیلی بر عملیات بیت المقدس". فصلنامه تخصصی جنگ ایران و عراق. 3 (12). Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "مروری بر عملیات بیت المقدس /3". khabaronline.ir. 6 June 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  9. ^ "::: AJA.ir :::". Archived from the original on 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2016-07-10.
  10. ^ "شرح کامل عملیات بیت المقدس". www.aviny.com. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  11. ^ Woods, Kevin M. (19 October 2017). "Saddam's War: An Iraqi Military Perspective of the Iran-Iraq War". Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University. Retrieved 19 October 2017 – via Google Books.
  • The Iran–Iraq War 1980-1988; Karsh, Efraim; Osprey Publishing; 2002


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