The Old Copper complex or Old Copper culture is an archaeological culture from the Archaic period of North America's Great Lakes region. Artifacts from some of these sites have been dated from 6500 to 1580 BCE.[1][2][page needed] It is characterized by widespread copper artifacts, including tools and weapons, as well as ornamental objects. The archeological evidence of smelting or alloying is subject to some dispute, and it is commonly believed that objects were cold-worked into shape. Furthermore, some archaeologists are convinced by the artifactual and structural evidence for metal casting by Hopewellian and Mississippian peoples.[3][page needed]
| Geographical range | Great Lakes |
|---|---|
| Period | Archaic |
| Dates | 7500 - 1000 BCE |
| Type site | Copper Culture State Park |
Western Great Lakes
editThe Old Copper Complex of the Western Great Lakes is the best known, and can be dated as far back as 9,500 years ago.[4][1] Great Lakes natives of the Archaic period located 99% pure copper near Lake Superior, in veins touching the surface and in nuggets from gravel beds. Major quarries were located on Isle Royale, the Keweenaw Peninsula, and the Brule River, and copper was deposited elsewhere by glaciation as well.[5] Evidence of mining, deep holes chipped into the rock, can be found in Ontario, Manitoba, and around Lake Superior.
By heating, annealing and hammering, these cultures worked the copper into shape and produced a variety of spearpoints, tools and decorative objects. In addition to their own use, the Copper Complex peoples traded copper goods for other exotic materials. By about 3,000 years ago copper was increasingly restricted to jewelry and other status-related items, rather than tools. This is thought to represent the development of more complex social hierarchies in the area.[6][7][8]
The Copper Culture State Park, in Oconto, northeastern Wisconsin, contains an ancient burial ground used by the Old Copper complex culture between 5,000 and 6,000 years ago. It was rediscovered in June 1952 by a 13-year-old boy who unearthed human bones while playing in an old quarry. By July the first archaeological dig was started by the Wisconsin Archaeological Survey.[9]
Other locations
editCopper is known to have been traded from the Great Lakes region to other parts of North America. However, there were also other sources of copper, including in the Appalachian Mountains near the Etowah Site in Georgia.[10] The Mississippian copper plates were made by a process of annealing. Ancient copper artifacts are found over a very wide range, all around the Great Lakes region, and far south into what is now the USA.
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ a b Pompeani, David P.; Steinman, Byron A.; Abbott, Mark B.; Pompeani, Katherine M.; Reardon, William; DePasqual, Seth; Mueller, Robin H. (April 2021). "ON THE TIMING OF THE OLD COPPER COMPLEX IN NORTH AMERICA: A COMPARISON OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM DIFFERENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS". Radiocarbon. 63 (2): 513–531. doi:10.1017/RDC.2021.7. ISSN 0033-8222.
- ^ Pleger 2000.
- ^ Neiburger 1987.
- ^ Ancient Native Americans were among the world’s first coppersmiths, David Malakoff, Science, Mar. 19, 2021 (https://www.science.org/content/article/ancient-native-americans-were-among-world-s-first-coppersmiths)
- ^ Gibbon 1998, p. 28.
- ^ Thomas C. Pleger, "A Brief Introduction to the Old Copper Complex of the Western Great Lakes: 4000-1000 BC", Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the Forest History Association of Wisconsin, Oconto, Wisconsin, October 5, 2002, pp. 10-18.
- ^ Thomas E. Emerson, Dale L. McElrath, Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity Across the Midcontinent, SUNY Press, 2009 ISBN 1-4384-2701-8.
- ^ William Marder (2005). Indians in the Americas: the untold story. Book Tree. pp. 28–29. ISBN 1-58509-104-9.
- ^ Rootsweb: Original 1952 report and photographs of the Copper Culture burial site – from the first archaeological dig – accessed 4.14.2013
- ^ Welch (1991), Moundville's Economy : 184
Sources
edit- Gibbon, Guy (February 1998). "Old Copper in Minnesota: A Review". Plains Anthropologist. 43 (163). Taylor & Francis: 27–50. JSTOR 25669519.
- Pleger, Thomas C. (Fall 2000). "Old copper and red ocher social complexity". Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology. 25 (2). University of Illinois Press: 169–190. JSTOR 20708133.
- Neiburger, E. J. (April 1987). "Did Midwest Pre-Columbian Indians Cast Metal? A New Look". Central States Archaeological Journal. 34 (2). Central States Archaeological Societies, Inc.: 60–74. JSTOR 43138520.
Further reading
edit- Byers, A. Martin (April 1999). "Intentionality, Symbolic Pragmatics, and Material Culture: Revisiting Binford's View of the Old Copper Complex". American Antiquity. 64 (2). Cambridge University Press: 265–287. doi:10.2307/2694278. JSTOR 2694278.
- Wittry, Warren L.; Ritzenthaler, Robert E. (January 1956). "The Old Copper Complex: An Archaic Manifestation in Wisconsin". American Antiquity. 21 (3). Cambridge University Press: 244–254. doi:10.2307/277196. JSTOR 277196.
- Wittry, Warren L. (1951). "A Preliminary Study of the Old Copper Complex". Wisconsin Archaeologist. 32 (1): 1–18.