Ohrid–Debar uprising

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The Ohrid–Debar uprising (Macedonian: Охридско-Дебaрско вoстание, romanizedOhridsko-Debarsko vostanie; Bulgarian: Охридско-Дебърско въстание, romanizedOhridsko-Debarsko vastanie; Albanian: Kryengritja e Ohrit dhe Dibrës) was an uprising by the population in Western Macedonia, then Kingdom of Serbia, in September 1913. It was organized by the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) and Albania against the Serbian capture of the regions of Ohrid, Debar and Struga after the Balkan Wars (1912–13).

Ohrid–Debar Uprising
Part of the aftermath of the Second Balkan War
Date23 September 1913–7 October 1913
Location
Result Serbo-Greek victory
Belligerents
IMRO
Kachaks
 Serbia
 Greece[1]
Commanders and leaders
Todor Aleksandrov
Isa Boletini
Petar Chaulev
Milan Matov
Ismail Strazimiri
Anton Shibakov
Elez Isufi
Demir Lena
Kingdom of Serbia Radomir Putnik
Kingdom of Serbia Vasilije Trbić
Kingdom of Greece Unknown
Strength
Unknown
6,000 rebels
Kingdom of Serbia 100,000 soldiers
Kingdom of Greece Unknown
Casualties and losses
Thousands killed
30,000 Bulgarians fled to Bulgaria
25,000 Albanians fled to Albania

Background

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The IMRO had discussions with the Albanian revolutionary committee of Sefedin Pustina at Elbasan, Albania, between 12 and 17 August 1913.[2] It was agreed that an uprising would be started against Serbia.[2] A directive dated 21 August planned for a new fighting against Serbia and Greece in Vardar Macedonia and Greek Macedonia.[3] The IMRO leadership decided for a rebellion in Bitola, Ohrid and Debar, and rallied Petar Chaulev, Pavel Hristov, Milan Matov, Hristo Atanasov, Nestor Georgiev, Anton Shibakov, Ismail Strazimiri[4][better source needed] and others in those regions.[3]

Events

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The rebellion started only two months after the end of the Second Balkan War. The insurgency sought to challenge Serb control of the region.[5] During the conflict, the Hellenic Army assisted Serb troops to quash the uprising.[1] The suppression of the uprising resulted in heavy use of violence by Serb forces.[5] Scholar Edvin Pezo states that depictions of Albanians as 'uncultured' and ‘primitive’ by Serb nationalists of the time were a possible reason for the extensive violence perpetrated upon Albanians during the First Balkan War and subsequent Ohrid–Debar uprising.[5] The defeat of the uprising by Serb forces resulted in tens of thousands of Albanian refugees arriving in Albania from Western Macedonia.[6]

CEIP report

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According to the International Commission of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace report, a Serbian army of 100,000 regulars suppressed the uprising. Thousands were killed, and tens of thousands fled to Bulgaria and Albania. Many Bulgarians were imprisoned or shot, a number of Albanian and Bulgarian villages were burned. The number of ethnic Albanian refugees from Macedonia was 25,000.[7]

Legacy

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After the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia, Macedonian and Albanian historians discussed the historical cooperation of the two ethnic groups and their joint struggle against their perceived common enemies, including the Serbian government. The 1913 rebellion was the subject of a 2013 conference.[8]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Pezo 2017, p. 67
  2. ^ a b Institut za nacionalna istorija 2000, p. 72.
  3. ^ a b Razsukanov 1998.
  4. ^ "Ismail Strazimiri: Libri ne formen e tij origjinale botuar ne 1931". July 13, 2009.
  5. ^ a b c Pezo 2017, p. 66
  6. ^ Pezo, Edvin (2017). "Violence, Forced Migration, and Population Policies During and After the Balkan Wars (1912-14)". In Boeckh, Katrin; Rutar, Sabine (eds.). The Balkan Wars from Contemporary Perception to Historic Memory. Springer. p. 70. ISBN 9783319446424.
  7. ^ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, published by the Endowment Washington, D.C. 1914, p. 182
  8. ^ Denise Bentrovato; Karina V. Korostelina; Martina Schulze (10 October 2016). History Can Bite: History Education in Divided and Postwar Societies. V&R unipress GmbH. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-3-8471-0608-1.

Sources

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