Wikipedia

Majeerteen

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This article is about the Somali clan. For the Sultanate, see Majeerteen Sultanate.

The Majeerteen, (Somali: Majeerteen, Arabic: ماجرتين; also spelled Majerteen, Macherten, Majertain, or Mijurtin)[1] alternately known as Mohammed Harti,[2] are a prominent Somali sub-clan of the Harti, which falls under the Darod conglomerate of clans.[3][4] Traditionally, they inhabit extensive territories in the Bari, Nugaal, and Mudug regions of Somalia, spanning from Bosaso to Garacad, mainly in Puntland state. Additionally, Majeerteen populations are present in southern towns such as Kismayo.[5]

Majeerteen
ماجرتين
Darod Somali clan
Ahmed Taajir, ruler of Bosaso in 1889
EthnicitySomaliaSomali
LocationSomaliaSomalia
EthiopiaEthiopia
KenyaKenya
YemenYemen
OmanOman
Descended fromAbdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti
Parent tribeHarti
Branches
LanguageSomaliaSomali
Arab LeagueArabic
ReligionSunni Islam

Overview

The Majeerteen Sultanates played an important role in the pre-independence era of Somalia.[6] The Majeerteen also held many other significant government posts in the 1960s and 1970s, and continue to play a key role in Puntland state and Somalia as a whole.

For the treaty between the Majeerteen and colonial powers, see "treaties".

Distribution

The Majeerteen are traditionally settled in Somalia's northern regions of Bari, Nugal and Mudug.[7] They can also be found in Kismayo in southern Somalia due to migrations starting in the 19th century along with their fellow members of the larger Harti subclan, the Dhulbahante, Dishiishe and Warsangeli.

The Majeerteen are traditionally settled in the land in-between Murcanyo, Bandar Siyad an ancient port town facing the Gulf of Aden, and Garacad a coastal port town, facing the Indian Ocean and all the land in between which corresponds to the area encompassing the Horn of Africa.[8] Therefore, the Majerteen are settled in what is literally considered to be 'the Horn of Africa'.

Some Majeerteen people are also found in the Somali Region in Ethiopia, specifically in the Dollo Zone near the Somalia border.[5]

The Majeerteen are part of Darod subclans within Somalia.[8]

The Majeerteen are more commonly found in the cities of Bosaso, Garowe and Galkacyo which are all regional capitals of Bari, Somalia, Nugal, Somalia and Mudug respectively.

The Osman Mahmud (Cismaan Maxamuud), Omar Mahmud (Cumar Maxamuud), and Isse Mahmoud (Ciise Maxamuud) comprise the Maxamuud Saleebaan, along with Ali Saleebaan and Ugaar Saleebaan[citation needed] which all forms the major subclan of Saleebaan Maxamed (Majeerteen)[9] which a 2010 study identifies as both the main division of Majeerteen and a central and unifying entity in Puntland. During the 1960s, the Osman Mahamud, Ali Saleebaan (or Cali Saleebaan), Wadalmoge and Ciise

Maxamuud formed a powerful business class in Kismayo,[9] while Siad Barre exploited a rivalry between the Cali Saleebaan and Cumar Maxamuud in an effort to weaken the Majeerteen in general.[9] Historically, the Majeerteen formed part of a coastal trading network around the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, along with other subclans.[9]

History

Main articles: Majeerteen Sultanate, Sultanate of Hobyo, and Somali aristocratic and court titles

Majeerteen Sultanates

 
Ruins of a Majeerteen Sultanate castle in Bargal

Before the famous Majeerteen Sultanate there was the Sultanate of Amaanle (Abdirahman Awe) which was overthrown and overtaken by Osman Mahamuud who became the subsequent King and Sultan. The Majeerteen Sultanate was founded in the early-16th century and came to prominence in the 19th century, under the reign of the resourceful King (Boqor) Osman Mahamuud.[10] His Sultanate controlled Bari Karkaar, Nugaal and also central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.[11][12]

Osman Mahamuud's Sultanate was nearly destroyed in the late-1800s by a power struggle between himself and his ambitious cousin, Yusuf Ali Kenadid who founded the Sultanate of Hobyo in 1878. Initially he wanted to seize control of the neighbouring Majeerteen Sultanate, ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamud. However, Yusuf Ali Kenadid was unsuccessful in his endeavour, and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen. A decade later, in the 1870s, Yusuf Ali Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local Hawiye clans and establish the Kingdom of Hobyo in 1878.[10][13][14]

 
Majeerteen ruler Ali Yusuf Kenadid, 2nd Sultan of the Sultanate of Hobyo.

As with the Majeerteen Sultanate, the Sultanate of Hobyo exerted a strong centralized authority during its existence, and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag, as well as a professional army.[11][15] Both sultanates also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.[16]

Colonial Era

In the late 19th century, all extant northern Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Abyssinia, Britain or Italy, except for the Dhulbahante.[17] Likewise, in late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with the Italians, making his realm an Italian protectorate. His rival Sultan Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the year before. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over the Majeerteen Sultanate. Boqor Osman and Sultan Kenadid also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force.[18]

The relationship between the Sultanate of Hobyo and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow a British contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's Dervish forces.[18] Viewed as too much of a threat by the Italians, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to Aden in Yemen and then to Eritrea, as was his son Ali Yusuf, the heir apparent to his throne.[19]

Osman Yusuf Kenadid, the son of the first Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid, was a famous poet and scholar. Osman Yusuf Kenadid was the inventor of the first phonetically standard script for the Somali language in the 1920s, the Osmanya Script.[20]

Following a two year resistance by Boqor Osman and Majeerteen rebels, Italian Somaliland came under the full authority of Rome by late 1927. Long-lasting Italian costal bombardments on urban settlements and naval blockades were utilized by colonial forces to suppress the rebels.[21]

Lineage

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[22][23]

  • Shiekh Darod (Daarood bin Ismaciil)
    • Marehan
      • Red Dini
      • Reer Hassan
      • Cali Dheere
    • Kabalah
      • Absame
        • Ogaden
          • Makabul
          • Tolomoge
          • Mohamed Zubeir
          • Aulihan
          • Bah-geri
        • Jidwaaq
          • Abaskuul
          • Bartire
          • Yabaree
      • Koombe
        • Geri
        • Harti
          • Dhulbahante (Dolbahante)
          • Dishiishe (Dishishe)
          • Warsangali (Warsengeli)
          • Majeerteen (Mijerteen)
          • Wabeeneeye
          • Idigfale (Muuse Noleys)
          • Danweyne (Abdalle Noleys)
          • Amaanle
          • Guddoonwaaq
          • Filkucaag
          • Amartiwaaq
          • Tabale
          • Ali Jibraahiil
          • Nuux Jibrahiil
          • Cabdirixiin Ibraahim
          • Cabdale Ibrahim
          • Adan Ibrahim
          • Reer Maxamud
          • Wadalmoge
            • Maxamed Muuse
              • Ismail Maxamed
              • Cali Maxamed
              • Abokor Maxamed
              • Nuux Maxamed
              • Baraale Maxamed
            • Idiris Muuse
              • Reer Faahiye
              • Reer Ciise
              • Rooble Cawlyahan
              • Ilka Dheer
          • Reer Umar
          • Reer Maxamuud
            • Abukar Maxamuud
              • Faarax Ismacil
              • Ciise Ismacil
              • Maxamed Ismacil
            • Qaasin Maxamuud
              • Maxamed Qaasin
              • Axmed Qaasin
              • Aadan Qaasin
              • Bare Qaasin
              • Ibraahim Qaasin
          • Reer Bicidyahan
          • Siwaaqroon
            • Abdirahman
              • Adan Abdiraxman
                • Ibrahim Abdisamad
                • Yoonis Abdisamad
                • Mohamud Abdisamad
              • Cawlyahan (Obokor Abdiraxman)
                • Ciise Cawlyahan
                • Jibriil Cawlyahan
                • Hashim Cawlyahan
            • Mohammed
          • Ugaar Saleebaan
            • Ibrahim Aadan
            • Hussein Aadan
          • Ismail Saleebaan
          • Ali Saleebaan
            • Bicidyahan Ali
            • Auliyahan Ali
            • Omar Ali
            • Adam Ali
            • Ismail Ali
          • Maxamuud Saleebaan

Groups

  • Taargooye, an exclusively Majeerteen Darawiish administrative division and disbanded in 1910 when its constituents became mutinous[24]
  • The Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF) was a predominantly Majeerteen political group from the 1980s to 1990s

Notable people

Actors

Royalty

Military

Enterprisers

Politicians

See also

References

  1. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2002). "Ethnic Groups". Somalia Summary Map. Perry–Castañeda Library. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  2. ^ Hunt, John Anthony (1951). A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484. To be purchased from the Chief Secretary. p. 140.
  3. ^ Africa. Africa Journal Limited. 1982.
  4. ^ "Caselaw and Decisions". Refugee Survey Quarterly. 13 (2–3): 198–219. 1994-07-01. doi:10.1093/rsq/13.2-3.198. ISSN 1020-4067.
  5. ^ a b Humphrey, James Harry (6 May 2018). Issues in Contemporary Athletics. Nova Publishers. ISBN 9781594545955. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2018 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ "Information on the Majerteen Clan and the Democratic Front for the Salvation of Somalia (DFSS), Somalia [SOM1546]". 24 July 1989. Archived from the original on 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
  7. ^ Royal African Society, African Affairs, Volume 101, (Oxford University Press: 2002) p.101.
  8. ^ a b "Somalia's Complex Clan Dynamics". fragilestates.org. 10 January 2012. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d Marchal, Roland (May 2010). "The Puntland State of Somalia: A Tentative Social Analysis" (PDF). Sciences Po. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
  10. ^ a b Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Somalia: a country study, (The Division: 1993), p.10.
  11. ^ a b Horn of Africa, Volume 15, Issues 1-4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.
  12. ^ Transformation towards a regulated economy, (WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p.62.
  13. ^ Lee V. Cassanelli, The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.75.
  14. ^ Lea, David; Rowe, Annamarie (2001). A Political Chronology of Africa. Europa Publications. p. 378. ISBN 1857431162.
  15. ^ Michigan State University. African Studies Center, Northeast African studies, Volumes 11-12, (Michigan State University Press: 1989), p.32.
  16. ^ Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 57-67. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1986. p. 34.
  17. ^ Jardine, Douglas (1923). Mad Mullah of Somaliland. Early in 1885 Great Britain concluded separate protective treaties with all the Somali tribes now living under her protection, except the Warsangeli, who concluded a treaty in 1886, and the Dolbahanta, with whom no treaty has been made.
  18. ^ a b The Majeerteen Sultanates[full citation needed]
  19. ^ Sheik-ʻAbdi, ʻAbdi ʻAbdulqadir (1993). Divine madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920). Zed Books. p. 129. ISBN 0-86232-444-0.
  20. ^ "Yasin Osman Kenadid • Puntite". puntite.com. 1 August 2017. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  21. ^ Carpanelli & Scovazzi 2020, p. 16.
  22. ^ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics Archived 2018-06-16 at the Wayback Machine, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1
  23. ^ Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, p. 43
  24. ^ Samatar, Said (1982). Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism. p. 214. ISBN 9780511735370. 'Abdalla Qoriyow, the prestigious Islamic magistrate of the Dervish capital, who took part in the conspiracy. 108 Ahmad Fiqi, also a conspirator, was the Dervish expert on Qur'anic exegesis. 109 Reference to the Sayyid's brother-in-law, Faarah Mahamuud Sugulle, whose involvement in the conspiracy was particularly bad news for the Sayyid ... After a week of intense fighting, the Sayyid emerged victorious, but not before several Dervish clans, like the Reer Samatar Khalaf Majeerteen, were decimated
  25. ^ "Controversial Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Muslim turned atheist, to resign from Dutch Parliament - Asian Tribune". www.asiantribune.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2018.

Bibliography

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