1962 Northern Rhodesian general election
General elections were held in Northern Rhodesia on 30 October 1962, with by-elections for several seats held on 10 December. Although the United Federal Party won the most seats in the Legislative Council, and Northern Rhodesian African National Congress leader Harry Nkumbula had made a secret electoral pact with the UFP, Nkumbula decided to form a government with the United National Independence Party.
Electoral system
editThe elections were carried out under the "15-15-15" system, with 15 seats elected by an upper roll, 15 seats by a lower roll and 15 seats by the national roll; the national roll seats consisted of four 'reserved' two-seat constituencies returning an African and a European member; three two-member 'open' constituencies that would return two members of any race, and one nationwide constituency for Asians.[1] The initial plan for the reserved and open national roll seats was that candidates would have to receive at least 15% of the vote from both the upper and lower rolls to be elected.[2] However, this was fiercely opposed by Prime Minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Roy Welensky, as the lower roll was likely to be entirely black, giving his UFP little chance of winning seats.[3] The system was later changed to require candidates to receive at least 10% of the vote from each race,[4] and at least 20% of the vote from either the upper or lower roll.[5]
To qualify for the upper roll, voters had to have an income of at least £720 or own at least £1,500 of immovable property. This was reduced to £480/£1,000 for those with a full primary education and £300/£1,000 for those with at least four years of secondary education. Several people were automatically allowed to register as upper roll voters, including chiefs, hereditary councillors, members of native authorities and courts, municipal councils, township housing boards and area housing boards, ministers of religion, members of certain religions with at least two years of secondary education, pensioners, university graduates, holders of an award from the Queen, those with a letter of exemption under the African Exemption Ordinance dated prior to 1 July 1961, or be the wife of a qualified upper roll voter (in polygamous marriages, only the senior wife qualified).[6] Lower roll voters had to have an income of at least £120 or own immovable property worth at least £250. Certain other people were automatically entitled to be a lower roll voter, including tribal councillors, members of native authorities and courts, municipal councils, township housing boards and area housing boards, headmen, pensioners, members of certain religious bodies, holders of an award from the Queen, or people registered as Individual, Peasant or Improved Farmers for two years prior to their application. The wife (or senior wife) of anyone qualifying to be a lower roll voter also qualified.[6]
The upper roll had a total of 37,142 voters, of which 27,893 were European, 7,321 were African and 1,928 were Asian. The lower roll had 91,941 voters, of which 91,913 were African and 28 Asian.[7]
In order to vote, voters had to dip their thumbs in red ink, which would remain for two days. In Lusaka two European voters refused to dip their thumbs, and were barred from voting. One, Colin Cunningham, a former leader of the Rhodesian Republican Party, claimed it would be "trespass against his person."[8]
Campaign
editUNIP originally planned to boycott the elections in protest at the failure to move to majority rule. However, the decision was later reversed after the outcome of the Delimitation Commission.[9] UNIP leader Kenneth Kaunda spoke at over a hundred meetings during the campaign.[10] In Sweden the Social Democratic Party and the Liberal Party started an appeal for £20,000 to contribute to UNIP's election campaign, calling federal UFP leader Roy Welensky "sabre-rattling" and a "leader of the white Fascists."[10] The campaign raised only £3,700.[10]
Conduct
editOn 26 October NRANC official Danwell Kuseka was killed when he was ambushed after an election meeting near Kitwe; three others were injured, one with a broken back. Kaunda called for UNIP members to co-operate with the police in finding the attackers.[10] African candidates for the UFP were reported to have experienced a "living hell of intimidation."[10] Polling day took place largely without incident and saw a high turnout.[8] In the Congolese city of Elisabethville a group of 100 Northern Rhodesians attended the British Consul to vote. However, after they discovered that only 17 of them had registered, they stormed the building and stoned the consul, resulting in him being hospitalised. Congolese police arrested 15 of the group.[8]
Results
editOn election day, 14 of the upper roll seats and all 15 lower roll seats were decided, but only five of the 15 national seats; the UFP won 15 seats, UNIP 14 and the NRANC five. By-elections were subsequently held on 10 December for the Livingstone upper roll seats, and for the ten remaining national seats, with the UFP winning in Livingstone, and the NRANC winning the only two national roll seats to have a winner, leaving the UFP with a final total of 16 seats and the NRANC with seven.
Party | Upper roll | Lower roll | Seats | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | National | Total | +/– | ||||
United National Independence Party | 4,519 | 14.79 | 1 | 59,648 | 78.16 | 12 | 1 | 14 | New | |||
United Federal Party | 21,558 | 70.54 | 13 | 180 | 0.24 | 0 | 2 | 15 | +2 | |||
Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 1,025 | 3.35 | 0 | 16,268 | 21.32 | 3 | 4 | 7 | +6 | |||
Liberal Party | 1,401 | 4.58 | 0 | 83 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | –3 | |||
Rhodesia Republican Party | 65 | 0.21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
Barotseland National Party | 134 | 0.18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | New | ||||||
Independents | 1,992 | 6.52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −2 | ||||||
Vacant | 1 | 8 | 9 | – | ||||||||
Total | 30,560 | 100.00 | 15 | 76,313 | 100.00 | 15 | 15 | 45 | +25 | |||
Valid votes | 30,560 | 98.08 | 76,313 | 95.63 | ||||||||
Invalid/blank votes | 598 | 1.92 | 3,488 | 4.37 | ||||||||
Total votes | 31,158 | 100.00 | 79,801 | 100.00 | ||||||||
Registered voters/turnout | 34,527 | 90.24 | 92,255 | 86.50 | ||||||||
Source: Mulford, pp189–190 |
By constituency
editNational seats | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constituency | Candidate | Party | Votes | Notes | |||||||
European | African | Upper roll | Lower roll | ||||||||
Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||
Chambeshi (African) |
Matthew Mwendapole | United National Independence Party | 69 | 1.6 | 11,286 | 93.6 | 774 | 15.0 | 10,581 | 93.8 | |
Peter Chibuye | United Federal Party | 4,082 | 93.3 | 69 | 0.6 | 4,094 | 79.6 | 57 | 0.5 | ||
Sykes Ndilila | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 49 | 1.1 | 645 | 5.3 | 97 | 1.9 | 597 | 5.3 | ||
F M Chitimukulu | Liberal Party | 173 | 4.0 | 58 | 0.5 | 180 | 3.5 | 51 | 0.5 | ||
Chambeshi (European) |
Stewart Gore-Browne | United National Independence Party | 55 | 1.3 | 11,264 | 93.4 | 756 | 14.7 | 10,563 | 93.6 | |
John Mitchell | United Federal Party | 4,152 | 94.9 | 669 | 5.5 | 4,207 | 81.8 | 614 | 5.4 | ||
R L Moffat | Liberal Party | 166 | 3.8 | 125 | 1.0 | 182 | 3.5 | 109 | 1.0 | ||
Kabompo (2 seats) | M. Chamululu | Liberal Party | No candidate achieved the vote share required | ||||||||
T.G. MacKay | Liberal Party | ||||||||||
K.T. Lewis | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | ||||||||||
R. Mangangu | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | ||||||||||
P. Byrne | United Federal Party | ||||||||||
I.H. Nkoloma | United Federal Party | ||||||||||
Andrew Sardanis | United National Independence Party | ||||||||||
William Nkanza | United National Independence Party | ||||||||||
Kafubu (African) |
D C Mwiinga | United National Independence Party | 65 | 1.2 | 12,081 | 92.9 | 767 | 12.7 | 11,379 | 93.1 | |
Ernest Kapota | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 4,762 | 90.7 | 808 | 6.2 | 4,828 | 80.0 | 742 | 6.1 | ||
Z J Kafulubiti | Liberal Party | 422 | 8.0 | 111 | 0.9 | 438 | 7.3 | 95 | 0.8 | ||
Kafubu (European) |
Merfyn Temple | United National Independence Party | 65 | 1.2 | 12,030 | 93.2 | 688 | 11.6 | 11,407 | 93.4 | |
Rodney Malcomson | United Federal Party | 4,853 | 92.5 | 769 | 6.0 | 4,910 | 82.6 | 712 | 5.8 | ||
L B S Escourt | Liberal Party | 329 | 6.3 | 111 | 0.9 | 343 | 5.8 | 97 | 0.8 | ||
Lower Kafue (African) |
Robinson Puta | United National Independence Party | 93 | 2.7 | 6,769 | 71.8 | 683 | 16.0 | 6,179 | 71.4 | |
Francis Chembe | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 3,252 | 93.3 | 2,570 | 27.2 | 3,442 | 80.6 | 2,380 | 27.5 | Elected | |
I E Kalima | Liberal Party | 142 | 4.1 | 94 | 1.0 | 146 | 3.4 | 90 | 1.0 | ||
Lower Kafue (European) |
A Tidder | United National Independence Party | 75 | 2.2 | 6,699 | 71.0 | 667 | 15.6 | 6,107 | 70.6 | |
A H Duff | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 19 | 0.5 | 213 | 2.3 | 40 | 0.9 | 192 | 2.2 | ||
Jack Eaton | United Federal Party | 3,166 | 90.8 | 2,304 | 24.4 | 3,314 | 77.6 | 2,156 | 24.9 | Elected | |
G Percy | Liberal Party | 159 | 4.6 | 108 | 1.1 | 172 | 4.0 | 95 | 1.1 | ||
H J Butler | Rhodesia Republican Party | 68 | 2.0 | 109 | 1.2 | 78 | 1.8 | 99 | 1.1 | ||
Luangwa (African) |
Isaac Mumpanshya | United National Independence Party | 148 | 4.2 | 5,418 | 63.8 | 767 | 17.6 | 4,799 | 62.5 | |
Philemon Zindana | United Federal Party | 2,769 | 78.2 | 1,645 | 19.4 | 2,860 | 65.6 | 1,554 | 20.3 | Elected | |
Alfred Gondwe | Liberal Party | 624 | 17.6 | 1,429 | 16.8 | 732 | 16.8 | 1,321 | 17.2 | ||
Luangwa (European) |
James John Skinner | United National Independence Party | 126 | 3.6 | 5,285 | 62.2 | 717 | 16.4 | 4,694 | 61.2 | |
Charles Cousins | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 2,711 | 76.6 | 2,929 | 34.5 | 2,903 | 66.6 | 2,737 | 35.7 | Elected | |
John Moffat | Liberal Party | 525 | 14.8 | 209 | 2.5 | 553 | 12.7 | 181 | 2.4 | ||
A Dahl | Rhodesia Republican Party | 179 | 5.1 | 69 | 0.8 | 186 | 4.3 | 62 | 0.8 | ||
Luapula (2 seats) | R.H. Horward | Liberal Party | No candidate achieved the vote share required | ||||||||
Lakement Ngandu | Liberal Party | ||||||||||
Francis Stubbs | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | ||||||||||
B.C. Chisunka | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | ||||||||||
A.E. Beech | United Federal Party | ||||||||||
A.M.T. Mubanga | United Federal Party | ||||||||||
Wilson Chakulya | United National Independence Party | ||||||||||
Charles Thornicroft | United National Independence Party | ||||||||||
Zambezi (2 seats) | G.B.M. Chalinga | Barotseland National Party | No candidate achieved the vote share required | ||||||||
Harry Franklin | Liberal Party | ||||||||||
E.N. Kamitondo | Liberal Party | ||||||||||
W.J. Curtis | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | ||||||||||
J.M. Mayanda | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | ||||||||||
G.A. Smith | Rhodesia Republic Party | ||||||||||
Maurice Rabb | United Federal Party | ||||||||||
J.S.S. Anderson | United National Independence Party | ||||||||||
Nakatindi Yeta Nganga | United National Independence Party | ||||||||||
Special National Constituency |
Kashibhai Patel | Independent (UNIP) | 1,071 | 62.3 | Elected | ||||||
J D Naik | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 519 | 30.2 | ||||||||
I M Bagas | Independent | 129 | 7.5 | ||||||||
Source: Gray Zulu, Mulford, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Newsletter |
By-elections
editUpper roll | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constituency | Candidate | Party | Votes | % | Notes |
Livingstone | James MacMillan | United Federal Party | 1,584 | 72.8 | Elected |
R.V.Nayee | United National Independence Party | 417 | 19.2 | ||
N. Mabutwe | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 176 | 8.1 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 88 | – | |||
Total | 2,265 | 100 | |||
Source: Northern Rhodesia Elections Office[11] |
National seats | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constituency | Candidate | Party | Votes | Notes | |||||||
European | African | ||||||||||
Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||||||
Chambeshi (African) | D C Mwiinga | United National Independence Party | 110 | 2.8 | 10,321 | 92.2 | No candidate elected | ||||
L B Lombe | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 3,302 | 84.6 | 742 | 6.6 | ||||||
H Lungu | United Federal Party | 494 | 12.6 | 137 | 1.2 | ||||||
Chambeshi (European) | Stewart Gore-Browne | United National Independence Party | 101 | 2.6 | 10,567 | 94.3 | No candidate elected | ||||
John Mitchell | United Federal Party | 97.4 | 5.7 | ||||||||
Kabompo (2 seats) | William Nkanza | United National Independence Party | 140 | 4.8 | 11,439 | 93.9 | No candidate elected | ||||
Andrew Sardanis | United National Independence Party | 139 | 4.7 | 11,363 | 93.2 | ||||||
P Byrne | United Federal Party | 2,696 | 91.8 | 61 | 0.5 | ||||||
A H Duff | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 1,223 | 41.6 | 609 | 5.0 | ||||||
I H Nkoloma | United Federal Party | 1,588 | 54.1 | 203 | 1.7 | ||||||
R Mangangu | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 88 | 3.0 | 693 | 5.7 | ||||||
Kafubu (African) |
T D Mtine | United National Independence Party | 237 | 5.2 | 11,001 | 91.9 | No candidate elected | ||||
G M Kabichi | United Federal Party | 4,084 | 90.3 | 146 | 1.2 | ||||||
J M Mayanda | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 201 | 4.5 | 827 | 6.9 | ||||||
Kafubu (European) |
Joseph Shaw | United National Independence Party | 167 | 3.7 | 11,026 | 92.1 | No candidate elected | ||||
Rodney Malcomson | United Federal Party | 4,278 | 94.6 | 164 | 1.3 | ||||||
L Terry | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 77 | 1.7 | 784 | 6.6 | ||||||
Luapula (2 seats) | Matthew Mwendapole | United National Independence Party | 50 | 2.1 | 9,761 | 87.0 | Not elected | ||||
Charles Thornicroft | United National Independence Party | 60 | 2.6 | 9,692 | 86.5 | ||||||
A E Beech | United Federal Party | 2,151 | 92.2 | 101 | 0.9 | ||||||
Francis Stubbs | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 628 | 26.9 | 1,390 | 12.4 | Elected | |||||
M T Mubanga | United Federal Party | 1,672 | 71.6 | 136 | 1.1 | Not elected | |||||
C E Kapota | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 107 | 4.6 | 1,352 | 12.1 | ||||||
Zambezi (2 seats) | Job Michello | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 764 | 34.7 | 5,506 | 58.0 | Elected | ||||
Merfyn Temple | United National Independence Party | 48 | 2.2 | 3,589 | 37.8 | Not elected | |||||
W J Curtis | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | 133 | 6.0 | 5,345 | 65.2 | ||||||
Nakatindi Yeta Nganga | United National Independence Party | 49 | 2.2 | 3,878 | 40.8 | ||||||
Maurice Rabb | United Federal Party | 1,983 | 90.1 | 207 | 2.2 | ||||||
G B Mapani | Barotseland National Party | 924 | 42.0 | 236 | 2.5 | ||||||
G A Smith | Rhodesia Republican Party | 317 | 14.4 | 161 | 1.7 | ||||||
W E Barret | Independent | 186 | 8.4 | 81 | 0.8 | ||||||
Source: East Africa and Rhodesia,[12] Gray Zulu |
Aftermath
editWith almost all candidates losing their deposits, the three Liberal Party ministers (John Moffat, Harry Franklin and Alfred Gondwe) resigned immediately after the elections.[8] In mid-November the party announced that it was disbanding, with members advised to join or support UNIP instead.[13]
Nkumbula held talks with both Kaunda and Roberts about the formation of a coalition government, saying he would consider a coalition with UNIP "if Kaunda and his henchmen made a statement unreservedly condemning Communism and the use of violence and intimidation.", and a coalition with the UFP if "thy stated that they wanted to see the end of political federation and its replacement with only an economic association".[8] Kaunda subsequently released a statement stating "I believe that both Mr. Nkumbula and myself should forget the bitterness of the past and do what we can to establish majority rule in this country.[8] On 14 December Governor Evelyn Hone announced the formation of a coalition government by UNIP and the NRARNC.
Minister | Party | Position |
---|---|---|
Kenneth Kaunda | United National Independence Party | Minister of Local Government and Social Welfare |
Simon Kapwepwe | United National Independence Party | Minister of African Agriculture |
Harry Nkumbula | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | Minister of African Education |
Trevor Gardner | Ex officio | Minister of Finance |
Reuben Kamanga | United National Independence Party | Minister of Labour and Mines |
Charles Cousins | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | Minister of Land and Natural Resources |
Brian Andre Doyle | Ex officio | Minister for Legal Affairs and Attorney General |
Frederick Thomas | Ex officio | Minister of Native Affairs |
Francis Stubbs | Northern Rhodesian African National Congress | Minister of Transport and Works |
Richard Luyt | Ex officio | Chief Secretary |
Source: East Africa and Rhodesia[12] |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Alexander Grey Zulu (2007) The memoirs of Alexander Grey Zulu, Times Printpak Zambia, p219–221
- ^ David C. Mulford (1964) The Northern Rhodesian General Election 1962, Oxford University Press, p22−23
- ^ Andrew Sardanis (2011) Africa: Another Side of the Coin: Northern Rhodesia's Final Years and Zambia's Nationhood, I.B.Tauris, pp89−91
- ^ Mulford, p29
- ^ Mulford, p28
- ^ a b Mulford pp50−51
- ^ Dolf Sternberger, Bernhard Vogel, Dieter Nohlen & Klaus Landfried (1978) Die Wahl der Parlamente: Band II: Afrika, Zweiter Halbband, p1790
- ^ a b c d e f "Northern Rhodesia's First Slide-Rule General Election", East Africa and Rhodesia, 8 November 1962, pp217–218
- ^ Grey Zulu, p217
- ^ a b c d e "High Poll, No Violence", East Africa and Rhodesia, 1 November 1962, p202
- ^ Northern Rhodesia – Legislative Council by-elections – December 10,1962: Analysis of results, Northern Rhodesia Elections Office
- ^ a b "U.N.I.P.–A.N.C. Coalition Government for Northern Rhodesia", East Africa and Rhodesia, 20 December 1962, p345
- ^ "Legislative Council Boycott Threat", East Africa and Rhodesia, 15 November 1962, p243