Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
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The Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (Polish: Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem, pronounced [bɛsparˈtɨjnɨ ˈblɔk fspuwˈpratsɨ z ˈʐɔ̃dɛm]; abbreviated BBWR) was a "non-political" organization in the interwar Second Polish Republic, in 1928–35. It was closely affiliated with Józef Piłsudski and his Sanation movement. Its major activists included Walery Sławek, Kazimierz Bartel, Kazimierz Świtalski, Aleksander Prystor, Józef Beck, Janusz Jędrzejewicz, Wacław Jędrzejewicz, Adam Koc, Leon Kozłowski, Ignacy Matuszewski, Bogusław Miedziński, Bronisław Pieracki, Adam Skwarczyński, and Janusz Franciszek Radziwiłł.[6][7][8]
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem | |
|---|---|
| Chairman | Walery Sławek[1] |
| Founded | November 1927 |
| Dissolved | 30 October 1935[2] |
| Headquarters | Warsaw, Poland |
| Ideology | Sanacja |
| Political position | Big tent |
In 1993, Lech Wałęsa, then President of Poland, founded a Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms, in Polish Bezpartyjny Blok Wspierania Reform, likewise abbreviated "BBWR," which was meant to revive some of the traditions of the prewar "BBWR" and to form a parliamentary grouping explicitly supportive of President Wałęsa. In the 1993 elections, the new "BBWR" achieved limited success, capturing 5.41% of the vote.
BBWR in 1928–35
editThe BBWR was created in November 1927, by Walery Sławek, at the urging of Józef Piłsudski.[6][7][8] The organization consisted of several smaller parties, including those representing national minorities. Also, a few deputies of the Polish Socialist Party and PSL Piast decided to join the new movement. The BBWR was not a classic political party, as it consisted of people with sometimes very different opinions. They were united by the personality of Piłsudski, whom they supported, and the BBWR had several targets: to carry out changes in the constitution, to keep the National Democracy political movement away from the parliament, and to attract conservatives and business circles.
The political program of the BBWR was announced on January 19, 1928. It was based on the following principles:
- the cult of Józef Piłsudski,
- criticism of party favouritism, which had a destructive influence on the condition of the state,
- the need to change the constitution, with more power in the hands of the president and limiting the powers of the parliament,
- social solidarism.
During the 1928 election campaign, which took place in March, the BBWR won 130 seats[contradictory] in the Sejm (out of 444), and 46 seats in the Senate (out of 111). On June 28, 1928, the government of Prime Minister Kazimierz Bartel was created. Even though the movement did not have a majority in the Polish Parliament, Józef Piłsudski regarded his party as the winner. Still, to his surprise, left-wing politician Ignacy Daszyński was chosen the speaker of the Sejm.
On April 14, 1929, Bartel's government was replaced by the more radical government of Kazimierz Świtalski. It was based on the so-called “group of colonels”, who were personal friends of Piłsudski. On December 6, 1929, the Sejm passed the motion of no confidence, and Bartel replaced Świtalski. The new government was dissolved on March 29, 1930, and the new Prime Minister was Walery Sławek. In response, opposition parties united, creating the so-called Centrolew, and organizing a mass anti-government demonstration in Kraków, on June 29, 1930. On August 25, 1930, Józef Piłsudski took the post of Prime Minister, and on September 9, the first arrests of opposition politicians took place. The parliament was dissolved, and the opposition leaders were imprisoned in the Brest Fortress.
In the 1930 election, which was also called the “Brest election”, the BBWR won 249 seats in the Sejm, and 75 in the Senate. On December 4, 1930, the second government of Walery Sławek was created. It existed until May 1930, when Aleksander Prystor became a new Prime Minister. Facing the financial crisis (see Great Recession), Prystor decided to cut public spending in order to balance the budget. In 1933, a program of public works was created to reduce widespread unemployment. Furthermore, in 1932 - 1933, the BBWR government carried out significant educational reform. Simultaneously, oppositional activities were curbed, following three new bills, which limited the means of street protests and possibilities of creating new movements (see also Brest trials).
In the summer of 1933, Prystor lost the confidence of Józef Piłsudski and was replaced by Janusz Jedrzejowicz. At the same time, Piłsudski and his subordinates began drafting the April Constitution, and on May 15, 1934, the new government of Leon Kozłowski was created. In June of the same year, Minister of Internal Affairs Bronisław Pieracki was murdered by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists. The government in response opened the Bereza Kartuska detention camp.
After the death of Józef Piłsudski (May 12, 1935), the weakened BBWR continued to exist until October 30, when Walery Sławek dissolved it. The tradition of the movement was continued by the Camp of National Unity, formed in February 1937.
Aftermath
editThe Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms (Bezpartyjny Blok Wspierania Reform, also abbreviated BBWR), was founded to continue the traditions of pre-war Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government. Its creation was announced by Lech Wałęsa on June 1, 1993, during a press conference in the garden of the Belweder. The movement was registered on October 30, 1993. It was a political party, supposed to provide Wałęsa with support in the Parliament. In the 1993 election, the BBWR won 5.41% of votes, or 8 seats (16 in the Sejm, 2 in the Senate). Disappointed with this result, Wałęsa began to disassociate himself from the organization.
The BBWR continued to exist until 1997. It supported Wałęsa in the 1995 presidential election, after which the party was split into several factions - the BBWR - Bloc for Poland (BBWR - Blok dla Polski), BBWR - United in Election (BBWR - Solidarni w Wyborach), New Poland (Nowa Polska), Republican Party (Partia Republikanie), and National Party of Retirees (Krajowa Partia Emerytow i Rencistow). In December 1997, Wałęsa created the Christian Democracy of the 3rd Polish Republic.
Election Results
editSejm
edit| Election | Votes | Vote share | Seats | Change in seats | Seat share | Change in seat share |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1928 | 2,399,438 | 21% (1st) | 125 / 444
|
 125
|
28% | 28%
|
| 1930 | 5,292,725 | 47% (1st) | 249 / 444
|
124
|
56% | 28%
|
| 1935 | 6,118,695 | 87% (1st) | 181 / 206
|
not comparable
due to reapportionment |
88% | 32%
|
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Adamski, Przemysław (2010). Płk. dypl. Walery Sławek. Biografia polityczna (1926-1939). Od BBWR do śmierci. Łódź: Związek Strzelecki. ISBN 978-83-929208-4-7.
- ^ Wareński, Aleksander (1 November 1935). "Rozwiązanie Bezpartyjnego Związku Współpracy z Rządem. Przemówienie płk. Walerego Sławka" [Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government dissolved. Colonel Walery Sławek's speech]. Gazeta Lwowska (in Polish) (251): 3 – via Jagiellonian Digital Library.
- ^ Cat-Mackiewicz, Stanisław (2012). Historia Polski od 11 listopada 1918 do 17 września 1939. Universitas. ISBN 97883-242-3740-1.
- ^ Plach, Eva (2006). The Clash of Moral Nations: Cultural Politics in Piłsudski's Poland, 1926–1935 (PDF). pp. 13–14. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
- ^ Chojnowski, Andrzej (2009). Rządy pomajowe. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
- ^ a b Puchalski, Piotr (2019). Beyond Empire: Interwar Poland and the Colonial Question, 1918–1939. The University of Wisconsin-Madison Press. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
- ^ a b Kowalski, Wawrzyniec (2020). "From May to Bereza: A Legal Nihilism in the Political and Legal Practice of the Sanation Camp 1926–1935". Studia Iuridica Lublinensia (5). Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej: 133–147. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
- ^ a b Olstowski, Przemysław (2024). "The Formation of Authoritarian Rule in Poland between 1926 and 1939 as a Research Problem". Zapiski Historyczne (2). Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu: 27–60. Retrieved October 19, 2024.
The case of authoritarian rule in Poland [...] following the May Coup of 1926, is notable for its unique origins [...] Rooted in a period when Poland lacked statehood [...] Polish authoritarianism evolved [...] Central to this phenomenon was Marshal Józef Piłsudski, the ideological leader of Poland's ruling camp after the May Coup of 1926
Sources
edit- [1]
- Krystyna Paszkiewicz: Partie i koalicje polityczne III Rzeczypospolitej. Wroclaw: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wroclawskiego, 2000, s. 13-16. ISBN 8322920512.