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Birmingham gauge

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The Birmingham gauge[1] is a wire gauge system, and is also used to specify thickness or diameter of hypodermic needles and tube products.

Terminology

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Birmingham gauge is also known as the Stubs Iron Wire Gauge or Birmingham Wire Gauge. It is not the same as, though similar to, the Stubs Steel Wire Gauge.

Birmingham gauge is often simply termed Gauge, with the abbreviation G.[2] However, this should not be confused with French gauge.

System

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The gauge starts at the lowest gauge number of 5Ø or 00000, corresponding to the largest size of 0.500 inches (12.7 mm), and runs to the highest gauge number of 36, corresponding to the smallest size of 0.004 inches (0.10 mm). Size steps between gauges range from 0.001 inches (0.025 mm) between high gauge numbers to 0.046 inches (1.2 mm) between the two lowest gauge numbers and do not correspond to a particular mathematical pattern, although for the most part the steps get smaller with increasing gauge number.[3] Concerning wire and fine tubing, the gauge number is used to specify the outside diameter of the product, whereas for larger mechanical tubing the gauge number specifies the wall thickness independent of the overall size of the tube.

In medicine, the Birmingham gauge specifies the outside diameter of hypodermic needles, catheters, cannulae and suture wires. It was originally developed in early 19th-century England for use in wire manufacture, and began appearing in a medical setting in the early 20th century.

Another common needle gauge system is the French catheter scale.

Needle wire gauge was derived from the Stubs Iron Wire Gauge.

Sizes of hypodermic needles

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Hypodermic needles are available in a wide variety of outer diameters described by gauge numbers. Smaller gauge numbers indicate larger outer diameters.[4] Inner diameter depends on both gauge and wall thickness. The following chart shows nominal inner diameter and wall thickness for regular-wall needles.[4][5] Thin-wall needles (not shown) have identical outer diameters but larger inner diameters for a given gauge.

Gauge,
G 		Nominal outer diameter Nominal inner diameter[a] Nominal wall thickness[a] ISO 6009
color[6]
(inch) (mm) (inch) (mm) (inch) (mm)
7 0.180 ± 0.001 4.572 ± 0.025 0.150 ± 0.003 3.810 ± 0.076 0.015 ± 0.001 0.381 ± 0.025 (undefined)
8 0.165 ± 0.001 4.191 ± 0.025 0.135 ± 0.003 3.429 ± 0.076 0.015 ± 0.001 0.381 ± 0.025 (undefined)
9 0.148 ± 0.001 3.759 ± 0.025 0.118 ± 0.003 2.997 ± 0.076 0.015 ± 0.001 0.381 ± 0.025 (undefined)
10 0.134 ± 0.001 3.404 ± 0.025 0.106 ± 0.003 2.692 ± 0.076 0.014 ± 0.001 0.356 ± 0.025 Olive brown
11 0.120 ± 0.001 3.048 ± 0.025 0.094 ± 0.003 2.388 ± 0.076 0.013 ± 0.001 0.330 ± 0.025 Green-yellow
12 0.109 ± 0.001 2.769 ± 0.025 0.085 ± 0.003 2.159 ± 0.076 0.012 ± 0.001 0.305 ± 0.025 Pale blue
13 0.095 ± 0.001 2.413 ± 0.025 0.071 ± 0.003 1.803 ± 0.076 0.012 ± 0.001 0.305 ± 0.025 Purple
14 0.083 ± 0.001 2.108 ± 0.025 0.063 ± 0.003 1.600 ± 0.076 0.010 ± 0.001 0.254 ± 0.025 Pale green
15 0.0720 ± 0.0005 1.829 ± 0.013 0.0540 ± 0.0015 1.372 ± 0.038 0.0090 ± 0.0005 0.229 ± 0.013 Blue-grey
16 0.0650 ± 0.0005 1.651 ± 0.013 0.0470 ± 0.0015 1.194 ± 0.038 0.0090 ± 0.0005 0.229 ± 0.013 White
17 0.0580 ± 0.0005 1.473 ± 0.013 0.0420 ± 0.0015 1.067 ± 0.038 0.0080 ± 0.0005 0.203 ± 0.013 Red-violet
18 0.0500 ± 0.0005 1.270 ± 0.013 0.0330 ± 0.0015 0.838 ± 0.038 0.0085 ± 0.0005 0.216 ± 0.013 Pink
19 0.0420 ± 0.0005 1.067 ± 0.013 0.0270 ± 0.0015 0.686 ± 0.038 0.0075 ± 0.0005 0.191 ± 0.013 Cream
20 0.03575 ± 0.00025 0.9081 ± 0.0064 0.02375 ± 0.00075 0.603 ± 0.019 0.00600 ± 0.00025 0.1524 ± 0.0064 Yellow
21 0.03225 ± 0.00025 0.8192 ± 0.0064 0.02025 ± 0.00075 0.514 ± 0.019 0.00600 ± 0.00025 0.1524 ± 0.0064 Deep green
22 0.02825 ± 0.00025 0.7176 ± 0.0064 0.01625 ± 0.00075 0.413 ± 0.019 0.00600 ± 0.00025 0.1524 ± 0.0064 Black
22s 0.02825 ± 0.00025 0.7176 ± 0.0064 0.00600 ± 0.00075 0.152 ± 0.019 0.01110 ± 0.00025 0.2826 ± 0.0064 (undefined)
23 0.02525 ± 0.00025 0.6414 ± 0.0064 0.01325 ± 0.00075 0.337 ± 0.019 0.00600 ± 0.00025 0.1524 ± 0.0064 Deep blue
24 0.02225 ± 0.00025 0.5652 ± 0.0064 0.01225 ± 0.00075 0.311 ± 0.019 0.00500 ± 0.00025 0.1270 ± 0.0064 Medium purple
25 0.02025 ± 0.00025 0.5144 ± 0.0064 0.01025 ± 0.00075 0.260 ± 0.019 0.00500 ± 0.00025 0.1270 ± 0.0064 Orange
26 0.01825 ± 0.00025 0.4636 ± 0.0064 0.01025 ± 0.00075 0.260 ± 0.019 0.00400 ± 0.00025 0.1016 ± 0.0064 Brown
26s 0.01865 ± 0.00025 0.4737 ± 0.0064 0.00500 ± 0.00075 0.127 ± 0.019 0.00680 ± 0.00025 0.1734 ± 0.0064 (undefined)
27 0.01625 ± 0.00025 0.4128 ± 0.0064 0.00825 ± 0.00075 0.210 ± 0.019 0.00400 ± 0.00025 0.1016 ± 0.0064 Medium grey
28 0.01425 ± 0.00025 0.3620 ± 0.0064 0.00725 ± 0.00075 0.184 ± 0.019 0.00350 ± 0.00025 0.0889 ± 0.0064 Blue-green
29 0.01325 ± 0.00025 0.3366 ± 0.0064 0.00725 ± 0.00075 0.184 ± 0.019 0.00300 ± 0.00025 0.0762 ± 0.0064 Red
30 0.01225 ± 0.00025 0.3112 ± 0.0064 0.00625 ± 0.00075 0.159 ± 0.019 0.00300 ± 0.00025 0.0762 ± 0.0064 Yellow
31 0.01025 ± 0.00025 0.2604 ± 0.0064 0.00525 ± 0.00075 0.133 ± 0.019 0.00250 ± 0.00025 0.0635 ± 0.0064 White
32 0.00925 ± 0.00025 0.2350 ± 0.0064 0.00425 ± 0.00075 0.108 ± 0.019 0.00250 ± 0.00025 0.0635 ± 0.0064 Deep green
33 0.00825 ± 0.00025 0.2096 ± 0.0064 0.00425 ± 0.00075 0.108 ± 0.019 0.00200 ± 0.00025 0.0508 ± 0.0064 Black
34 0.00725 ± 0.00025 0.1842 ± 0.0064 0.00325 ± 0.00075 0.0826 ± 0.019 0.00200 ± 0.00025 0.0508 ± 0.0064 Orange
  1. ^ a b Not strictly defined, and may vary for a given gauge.
 
Six hypodermic needles on Luer connectors. These needles are normally used with other medical devices, such as a syringe; from top to bottom:
  • 26G × 1⁄2″ (0.45 × 12 mm) (brown)
  • 25G × 5⁄8″ (0.5 × 16 mm) (orange)
  • 22G × 1+1⁄4″ (0.7 × 30 mm) (black)
  • 21G × 1+1⁄2″ (0.8 × 40 mm) (green)
  • 20G × 1+1⁄2″ (0.9 × 40 mm) (yellow)
  • 19G × 1+1⁄2″ (1.1 × 40 mm) (cream)

Rapid blood transfusion through 23G or smaller needles can cause hemolysis (rupturing of red blood cells).[7]

Sizes of catheters

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This includes peripheral venous catheters. The gauge compared to outer diameter is the same as for needles, but the color coding is different.

Gauge Outer diameter
(mm) 		Maximum flow rate
(ml/min) 		Color
14 2.0 250–300 Orange
16 1.7 180 Grey
18 1.3 75–120[8] Green[8]
20 1.1 40–80[8] Pink[8]
22 0.9 42-55[8] Blue[8]
24 0.7 20-35[8] Yellow[8]
26 0.6 10-13[8] Black[8]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Page 400 in: Steven M. Yentis, Nicholas P. Hirsch, James Ip (2013). Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A-Z E-Book: An Encyclopedia of Principles and Practice. FRCA Study Guides (5 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-7020-5375-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ "'French', 'gauge' and millimeters". University of California, San Francisco. Archived from the original on 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  3. ^ Machinery's Handbook 27. New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc. 2004. p. 2520.
  4. ^ a b "Syringe Needle Gauge Chart". Sigma Aldrich. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  5. ^ "Hypodermic Needle Gauge Chart". Medical Tube Technology, Inc. Archived from the original on 10 October 2004. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  6. ^ "ISO 6009:2016 Hypodermic needles for single use -- Colour coding for identification". International Organization for Standardization. Publication date: 2016-08
  7. ^ Miller, Michal A.; Schlueter, Annette J. (2004). "Transfusions via hand-held syringes and small-gauge needles as risk factors for hyperkalemia". Transfusion. 44 (3): 373–381. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.00653.x. ISSN 0041-1132. PMID 14996194. S2CID 22956171.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Page 110 in: Edward Doyle (2007). Pediatric Anesthesia. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-920279-9.

Further reading

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  • ISO 9626: Stainless steel needle tubing for the manufacture of medical devices, 1st ed. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 1991: 1–2.
  • ISO 9626: Stainless steel needle tubing for the manufacture of medical devices, Amendment 1. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 2001: 1–2.
  • Wonsik Ahn; Jae-Hyon Bahk; Young-Jin Lim (2002). "The "Gauge" System for the Medical Use". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 95 (4): 1125. doi:10.1097/00000539-200210000-00076. PMID 12351319.
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