Myeonbok is a kind of ceremonial clothing worn by the kings of Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) in Korea.[1][2] Myeonbok was adopted from Chinese Mianfu, and is worn by kings at special events such as the coronation, morning audience, Lunar New Year's audience, ancestral rites at Jongmyo and the soil and grain rite at Sajikdan.[1] Myeonbok symbolizes the dignity of king when conducting important ceremonies.[3]
Types of myeonbok
editMyeonbok is divided into gujangbok and sibijangbok.[1] Gujangbok (nine-emblem myeonbok)[4] is worn by king and sibijangbok (twelve-emblem myeonbok) is worn by emperor.[5] The myeonbok of Korean Kings could only use nine symbols instead of the Twelve Ornaments as only the Emperor (typically Chinese Emperors) could wear the Twelve Ornaments.[4] The Korean kings have used the nine symbols since the year 1065 AD after the Liao emperor had bestowed a nine-symbol robe (Chinese: 九章衣; pinyin: jiǔzhāngyī; gujangbok) to the Korean king in 1043 AD.[6]: 88
The myeonbok is worn with seok (shoes worn for rituals); the seok also originated from China before developing further into a unique Korean style.[2]
History
editIn early Joseon, King Taejong attempted to develop positive relationship with China's Ming dynasty; this positive political orientation towards Ming dynasty China lead to the formal recognition of Joseon and the inauguration of King Taejong as the King of Joseon, along with the bestowal of the Mianfu.[7]
Gojong of Korea appropriated the Twelve Ornaments on his enthronement costume (i.e. myeonbok, 면복/冕服) when he became the Emperor of Korea in 1897 which followed the dress system of ancient China.[8][5]
Out of the occasions where myeonbok would have been worn, the ancestral rites at Jongmyo and the soil and grain rite at Sajikdan continue into the 21st century, where the Hereditary Prince Imperial, wearing the 12-ornamented myeonbok, presides in place of the Emperor.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c The king's Myeonbok jongmyo.net. Access date: May 18, 2010. (in English)
- ^ a b Choi, Kyu-Soon (2013). "A Study on the Form of Seok(舃) in the Period of Joseon". Journal of the Korean Society of Costume. 63 (2): 144–161. doi:10.7233/jksc.2013.63.2.144. ISSN 1229-6880.
- ^ Myeonbok Gangsil, jongmyo.net. Access date: pada 18 Mei 2010. (in English)
- ^ a b The King at the Palace Joseon Royal Court Culture at the National Palace Museum of Korea. Ro Myounggu, Park Suhee, Kwon Cheeyun, Professor of Hongik University, Park Daenam. South Korea: 국립고궁박물관. 2015. p. 27. ISBN 9788997748297.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b Service (KOCIS), Korean Culture and Information. "Emperor Gojong's coronation reenacted to mark 120th anniversary of Daehan Empire : Korea.net : The official website of the Republic of Korea". www.korea.net. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
- ^ Kwon, Cheeyun Lilian (2019). Efficacious underworld : the evolution of Ten Kings paintings in medieval China and Korea. Honolulu. ISBN 978-0-8248-5603-8. OCLC 1098213341.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Hea-Sook, Chun; Jae-Woon, Ryoo (2006). "A Study on the Settlement of Official Uniform under the Reign of King Taejong in the Early Joseon". Journal of the Korean Society of Costume. 56 (7): 69–78. ISSN 1229-6880.
- ^ Fashion, identity, and power in modern Asia. Kyunghee Pyun, Aida Yuen Wong. Cham, Switzerland. 2018. p. 56. ISBN 978-3-319-97199-5. OCLC 1059514121.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)