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Many battles and campaigns between the armies of the Mughal Empire and various Sikh states took place, and started with the martyrdom of the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev in 1606, on the orders of Mughal emperor Jahangir. Guru Hargobind Sahib, the sixth Sikh guru, introduced the militarization to Sikhi. In response to his father's execution, he established the Akal Sena and fought several battles against the Mughal army and defeated them. Later, the ninth Sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, was also executed on the orders of Aurangzeb in 1675, after he refused to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and last human Sikh guru, started the Khalsa tradition and fought further battles against the Mughals and their allies. Before Guru Gobind Singh's passing in 1708, he appointed his newly converted Sikh, Banda Singh Bahadur as the leader of the Khalsa Fauj and ordered him to go fight in Punjab. Banda Singh Bahadur fought further battles against the Mughal's and their allies and established the first Khalsa Rule in 1710 but was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716. After this, the Sikhs later reorganized themselves into Misls creating the Dal Khalsa which fought further battles against the Mughals under the leadership of Nawab Kapur Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and other Misl leaders. The Dal Khalsa was victorious in the last major battle in 1783 with a few smaller fights happening until the conflict ended in 1788.
Battles
edit
Conflict (Period) |
Belligerents | Opponents | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Battle of Rohilla (1621) |
Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Sangrana (1628) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Amritsar (1634) |
Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Lahira (1634) |
Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Kartarpur (1635) |
Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Phagwara (1635) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Kiratpur (1638) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Sutlej (1652) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Kiratpur (1658) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Nadaun (1691) |
Akal Sena, Kahlur State | Mughal Empire | Combined victory of Sikhs and Kahlur State |
Battle of Anandpur (1695) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Guler (1696) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Anandpur (1700) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire, Sivalik Hills Raja's | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Basoli (1702)[1] |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
First battle of Chamkaur (1702) |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire, Raja's of Sivalik Hills | Khalsa victory |
First Battle of Anandpur (1704) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire Raja's of Sivalik Hills | Khalsa victory |
Second Siege of Anandpur (1704) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire Raja's of Sivalik Hills | Combined victory of Mughals and Hill Rajas |
Battle of Sarsa (1704) |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire, Sivalik Hills Raja's | Combined victory of Mughals and Hill Rajas
|
Battle of Shahi Tibbi (1704) |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire, Sivalik Hills Raja's | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Chamkaur (1704)[3][4][5][6] | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire Raja's of Sivalik Hills | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Muktsar (1705) |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Jajau (1707) [7][8][9][10] |
Bahadur Shah I | Muhammad Azam | Bahadur Shah victory
|
Battle of Chittorgarh (1708) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[citation needed]
|
Battle of Amritsar (1709) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Sonipat (1709)[11] |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Samana (1709) |
Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Kapuri (1709) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Sadhaura (1710)[12][13][11][14] |
First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Ropar (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Chappar Chiri (1710) |
First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Siege of Sirhind (1710) |
First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Saharanpur (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Jalalabad (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Siege of Kotla Begum (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Bhilowal (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Rahon (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Thanesar (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Siege of Lohgarh (1710) |
First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Battle of Bahrampar (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[citation needed]
|
Battle of Hoshiarpur (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Battle of Kalanaur (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Batala (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Aurangabad (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Pasrur (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Jammu (1712) |
First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Battle of Sadhaura (1712) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Lohgarh (1712) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Siege of Sadhaura (1713) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[citation needed]
|
Battle of Lohgarh (1713) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[citation needed]
|
Battle of Kiri Pathan (1714) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Ropar (1714) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[citation needed]
|
Battle of Gurdas Nangal (1715) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Siege of Gurdaspur (1715) |
First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Massacre of the Sikhs (1716)[clarification needed] | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Wan (1726) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Battle of Thikriwala (1731) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Sunam (1735) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Sirhind (1735) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Basarke (1736) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Amritsar (1738) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Samad Khan's expedition against the Sikhs (1738) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Sarai Nurdin (1739) | Bhai Bota Singh and Bhai Garja Singh | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Rorī Sahib (1746) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Kahnuwan (1746) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Kasur (1747) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Sodhra and Badra (1748) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Khanpur (1748) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[citation needed] |
Siege of Amritsar (1748) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Siege of Ram Rauni
(1748–1749) |
Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Multan (1749) | Kaura Mal Dal Khalsa |
Shah Nawaz Khan | Kaura Mal and Sikh victory |
Battle of Jalandhar (1750) | Dallewalia Misl | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Nadaun (1752) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Anandpur (1753) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Lahore (1753) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed]
|
Battle of Fatehabad (1753) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Patti (1754) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Delhi (1764) | Bharatpur State | Mughal Empire | Bharatpur and Sikh victory |
Sikh raids on Delhi (1764–1788) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire and Allies | Sikh victory |
Battle of Panipat (1766) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Sonipat (1766) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Karnal (1767) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire and Gwalior State | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Ghazi-U-Din-Nagar (1768) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Anupshahar (1768) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Fourth Battle of Panipat (1770) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire and Rohillas | Sikh victory |
Attack on Delhi (1770) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Siege of Kunjpura (1772) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire, Durrani Empire and Maratha Empire | Sikh victory |
Siege of Jind (1776) | Jind State | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Ghanaur (1778) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Attack on Delhi to Rakabganj
(1778) |
Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Siege of Patiala (1779) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Shafi's campaign against the Sikhs (1780–1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Baghpat (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Sardana (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Mawana (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Muradnagar (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Patparganj (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Shahdara (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Sheikhpura (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Barnawa (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Sirhind (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Sikh raids on Delhi to Hardwar
(1782) |
Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Delhi (1783) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Raid of Delhi
(1784) |
Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Raids from Panipat to Delhi (1786) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire and Gwalior State | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Raids from Agra to Delhi (1787) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Battle of Shahdara (1787) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Attack on Red Fort (1787) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
Attack on Delhi
(1788) |
Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[citation needed] |
See also
edit- Sikh raids on Delhi
- List of battles involving the Sikh Empire
- Hill States–Sikh Wars
- Afghan-Sikh Wars
- Chhota Ghallughara
- Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani
- Gurkha-Sikh War
- Sino-Sikh War
- First Anglo-Sikh War
- Second Anglo-Sikh War
- Mughal–Maratha Wars
- Rajput Rebellion
- List of wars involving the Mughal Empire
References
edit- ^ Surjit Singh Gandhi (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 820. ISBN 9788126908585.
- ^ a b Fenech, Louis E. (2013). The Sikh Ẓafar-nāmah of Guru Gobind Singh : a discursive blade in the heart of the Mughal Empire. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-19-998060-4. OCLC 826068533.
- ^ Raju, Karam Singh (1999). Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace. Sanbun Publishers. ISBN 9380213646.
- ^ Malhotra, Anshu; Mir, Farina (21 February 2012). Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-908877-5.
- ^ Fenech, Louis E. (2013). The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. Oup USA. ISBN 978-0-19-993145-3.
- ^ Surjit Singh Gandhi (2007). History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606–1708 C.E. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 822. ISBN 9788126908585.
- ^ "Episode-39 (Panj Pyare-2 Bhai Dharam Singh & Dr, Daulat Sngh) – Avatar Meher Baba Prasar Kendra". Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ "Punj Piare ~ Bhai Dharam Singh | Anandpur Sahib | SinghSahib.com ~ a complete portal on Sikhism". www.singhsahib.com. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ Bhati, Sandeep (1 December 2016). "Bhai Dharam Singh". Speaking Tree. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ "Gurdwara Bhai Daya Singh Bhai Dharam Singh Nanded | Discover Sikhism". www.discoversikhism.com. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ a b History of Islam, p. 506, at Google Books
- ^ Sagoo, Harbans (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty. Deep & Deep Publications.
- ^ Raj Pal Singh (2004). The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years. Pentagon Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9788186505465.
- ^ Singha, H.S. (2005). Sikh Studies, Book 7. Hemkunt Press. p. 34. ISBN 9788170102458.
- Sources
- Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J., eds. (2017). War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict. ABC-CLIO. pp. 574–577. ISBN 978-1-61069-517-6.
- Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 421. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
External links
edit- Media related to Mughal-Sikh Wars at Wikimedia Commons