In French cuisine, the mother sauces (French: sauces mères), also known as grandes sauces in French, are a group of sauces upon which many other sauces – "daughter sauces" or petites sauces – are based.[1][2] Different classifications of mother sauces have been proposed since at least the early 19th century.[3]
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History
editIn 1833, Marie-Antoine Carême described 4 grandes (great) sauces, potentially the earliest printed reference to mother sauces.[3] In 1844, the French magazine Revue de Paris reported:
Oui ne savez-vous pas que la grande espagnole est une sauce-mère, dont toutes les autres préparations, telles que réductions, fonds de cuisson, jus, veloutés, essences, coulis, ne sont, à proprement parler, que des dérivés?
Don’t you know that the grand sauce Espagnole is a mother sauce, of which all the other preparations, such as reductions, stocks, jus, veloutés, essences, and coulis, are, strictly speaking, only derivatives?
— Les Fantaisies du Rocher de Cancale[4]
Different classifications of mother and daughter sauces have been proposed by different chefs, varying in number and selection.
| Sauce | Carême | Gouffé | Escoffier | Montagné | Common list | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1833[5] | 1867 | 1903 | Heinemann | 1907 | 1912 | 1938 | (current) | |
| Allemande |  |
[6] |
[7] |
?[8] | [9] |
[10] |
 [11] |
|
| Béchamel | |
[12] |
[13] |
[14] |
[15] |
[16] |
[11] |
|
| Demi-glace | |
|
[17] |
[18] |
[19] |
[20] |
[21] |
|
| Espagnole | |
[22] |
[23] |
[24] |
[25] |
[26] |
[21] |
|
| Hollandaise sauce | |
|
|
[27] |
[28] |
[29] |
[30] |
|
| Jus de veau lié | |
|
[17] |
[31] |
[19] |
[20] |
[32] |
|
| Poivrade | |
[33] |
|
[34] |
[35] |
[36] |
[37] |
|
| Marinade | |
[38] |
|
[39] |
[40] |
[41] |
[42] |
|
| Mayonnaise | |
|
[43] |
[44] |
[45] |
[46] |
[47] |
|
| Mirepoix | |
|
[23] |
[48] |
[25] |
?[26] | [49] |
|
| Suprême | |
|
[7] |
[50] |
[9] |
[16] |
[11] |
|
| Tomato | |
|
[13] |
[27] |
[15] |
[51] |
[11] |
|
| Velouté | |
[52] |
[17] |
[53] |
[19] |
[10] |
[11] |
|
Classification by Marie-Antoine Carême (1833)
editIn 1833, Marie-Antoine Carême published a classification of French sauces in his reference cookbook L’art de la cuisine française au XIXe siècle ("The Art of French Cuisine in the 19th Century"). Instead of mother sauces, he called them Grandes et Petites sauces ("great and small sauces").[3]
In this cookbook, Carême defined a sauce classification and listed four grandes sauces:
Carême classified numerous sauces as petites sauces.[3]
Classification by Jules Gouffé (1867)
editIn 1867, the French chef and pâtissier Jules Gouffé published Le livre de cuisine comprenant la grande cuisine et la cuisine de ménage (The Cookbook Including Grand And Domestic Cooking).[54]
In this book, Gouffé listed twelve mother sauces. (He used both the terms grandes sauces and sauce mères).
- Espagnole Grasse (Fattier Espagnole)
- Espagnole Maigre (Leaner Espagnole)
- Velouté Gras (Fattier Velouté)
- Velouté Maigre (Leaner Velouté)
- Allemande (Velouté thickened with eggs)
- Béchamel à l’ancienne (Old Fashioned Béchamel)
- Béchamel de volaille (Poultry Béchamel)
- Béchamel maigre (Leaner Béchamel)
- Poivrade brune (Brown Poivrade)
- Poivrade Blanche (White Poivrade)
- Poivrade Maigre (Leaner Poivrade)
- Marinade
Classification by Auguste Escoffier (1903)
editThe pioneering chef Auguste Escoffier is credited with establishing the importance of Espagnole, Velouté, Béchamel and Tomate, as well as Hollandaise and Mayonnaise.[55][56] His book Le guide culinaire was published in 1903. It lists numerous "Grandes Sauces de base", including espagnole, velouté, béchamel, and tomate as well as more unusual sauces such as mirepoix and jus de veau lié (thickened veal stock).[57]
The original French editions of Le guide culinaire listed Hollandaise as a daughter sauce rather than a grande sauce.[29] Mayonnaise, placed in the chapter on cold sauces, was described in a paragraph as a mother sauce for cold sauces, and compared to Espagnole and Velouté.[46]
The 1907 English edition of Le guide culinaire by William Heinemann, A Guide to Modern Cookery, listed significantly fewer "basic sauces", including Hollandaise alongside espagnole, "half glaze" (demi glace), velouté, allemande, béchamel, and tomate.[58] The English edition did not describe mayonnaise as a mother sauce.[59] Heinemann also added the assertion that "Allemande Sauce is not, strictly speaking, a basic sauce".[14]
Common classification
editThe most common list of mother sauces in current use is:[60][55][61][62]
- Béchamel sauce: White sauce, based on milk thickened with a white roux.
- Espagnole sauce: Brown sauce based on a brown stock reduction, and thickened with a brown roux. Ingredients typically include roasted bones, bacon, and tomato (puréed or fresh).
- Tomato sauce (sometimes Tomate or Tomat): As well as tomatoes, ingredients typically include carrots, onion, garlic, butter, and flour, plus pork belly and veal broth.
- Velouté sauce: Light coloured sauce, made by reducing clear stock (made from un-roasted bones) and thickened with a white roux. Velouté is French for "velvety".
- Hollandaise sauce: Warm emulsion of egg yolk, melted butter, and lemon juice or vinegar.
Although sometimes attributed to chefs Marie-Antoine Carême or Auguste Escoffier, their lists differed from this.[5][51]
Béchamel sauce
editBéchamel is a milk-based sauce, thickened with a white roux and typically flavoured with onion, nutmeg, or thyme.[63]
Derivations of béchamel
editEspagnole sauce
editEspagnole is a strong-flavoured brown sauce, made from a dark brown roux and brown stock—usually beef or veal stock—and tomatoes or tomato paste.[63]
Derivations of espagnole
edit- Demi-glace
- Poivrade
- Grand veneur
- Bigarade
Velouté sauce
editVelouté is light in colour, made by reducing clear stock (made from un-roasted bones), usually veal, chicken or fish stock, thickened with a white or blond roux. Velouté is the French word for "velvety".[64]
Derivations of velouté
editTomato sauce
editThe sauce tomate described by Escoffier is a tomato sauce made with fatty salted pork breast, a mirepoix of carrots, onions and thyme, and white stock.[65]
Derivations of tomato
edit- Bolognese
- Portugaise
- Milanaise
- Creole
Hollandaise sauce
editHollandaise is a warm emulsion based on egg yolk and clarified butter, flavoured with lemon juice or vinegar.[66]
Derivations of hollandaise
editSee also
edit
- List of sauces
- Obe ata, a West African sauce used as a mother sauce
References
edit- ^ "Mother and Daughter: the Extended Family of Sauces". www.finedininglovers.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ "Les sauces mères et leurs dérivés" [The mother sauces and their derivatives] (PDF). Académie de Rouen (in French). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d Carême 1833.
- ^ "Les Fantaisies du Rocher de Cancale" [The Fancies of Cancale]. Gallica (in French). Revue de Paris. May 1844. p. 380. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ a b Carême 1833, p. 520.
- ^ Gouffé 1867, p. 401.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1903, p. 134.
- ^ Escoffier 1907, p. 27.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1907b, p. 134.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1912, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d e Montagné 1961, p. 842.
- ^ Gouffé 1867, pp. 401–403.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1903, p. 135.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1907, p. 21.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1907b, p. 135.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1912, p. 16.
- ^ a b c Escoffier 1903, p. 133.
- ^ Escoffier 1907, p. 19.
- ^ a b c Escoffier 1907b, p. 133.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1912, p. 14.
- ^ a b Montagné 1961, p. 840.
- ^ Gouffé 1867, p. 397.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1903, p. 132.
- ^ Escoffier 1907, p. 18.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1907b, p. 132.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1912, p. 13.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1907, p. 22.
- ^ Escoffier 1907b, p. 150.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1912, p. 33.
- ^ Montagné 1961, p. 855.
- ^ Escoffier 1907, p. 28.
- ^ Montagné 1961, p. 844.
- ^ Gouffé 1867, p. 403.
- ^ Escoffier 1907, p. 30.
- ^ Escoffier 1907b, p. 142.
- ^ Escoffier 1912, p. 24.
- ^ Montagné 1961, p. 8.
- ^ Gouffé 1867, p. 404.
- ^ Escoffier 1907, p. 67.
- ^ Escoffier 1907b, p. 171.
- ^ Escoffier 1912, p. 58.
- ^ Montagné 1961, p. 608.
- ^ Escoffier 1903, p. 163.
- ^ Escoffier 1907, p. 39.
- ^ Escoffier 1907b, p. 163.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1912, p. 48.
- ^ Montagné 1961, p. 859.
- ^ Escoffier 1907, p. 94.
- ^ Montagné 1961, p. 625.
- ^ Escoffier 1907, p. 44.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1912, p. 3.
- ^ Gouffé 1867, p. 399.
- ^ Escoffier 1907, p. 20.
- ^ Gouffé 1867.
- ^ a b Allen, Gary (2019). Sauces Reconsidered: Après Escoffier. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. ISBN 9781538115138.
- ^ Peterson, James (2017). Sauces: Classical and Contemporary Sauce Making, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 17. ISBN 9780544819832.
- ^ Escoffier 1903, pp. 132–133.
- ^ Escoffier 1907, pp. 18=23.
- ^ Escoffier 1907, p. 49.
- ^ Lundberg, Donald E. (1965). Understand Cooking. Pennsylvania State University. p. 277.
- ^ Ruhlman, Michael (2007). The Elements of Cooking: Translating the Chef's Craft for Every Kitchen. Simon and Schuster. p. 171. ISBN 9781439172520.
- ^ "Do You Know Your French Mother Sauces?". Thekitchn.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ a b Escoffier 1903, p. 132.
- ^ Escoffier 1903, p. 133.
- ^ Escoffier 1903, p. 135.
- ^ Escoffier 1903, p. 150.
- ^ Escoffier 1903, p. 146.
- Carême, M Antonin (1833). L'art de la cuisine française au dix-neuviême siêcle : traité élémentaire et pratique du travail en gras et en maigre [The art of French cuisine in the nineteenth century: an elementary and practical treatise on working with fat and lean] (in French). Paris.
- Gouffé, Jules (1867). Le livre de cuisine: comprenant la cuisine de ménage et la grande cuisine [The Cookbook Including Grand And Domestic Cooking] (in French). Gallica. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- Escoffier, Auguste (1903). Le guide culinaire, aide-mémoire de cuisine pratique [The Culinary Guide, practical kitchen cheat sheet] (in French) (1st ed.).
- Escoffier, Auguste (1907). A guide to modern cookery. Translated and abridged by William Heinemann. Heinemann.
- Escoffier, Auguste (1907b). Le guide culinaire, aide-mémoire de cuisine pratique [The Culinary Guide, practical kitchen cheat sheet] (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris : Colin.
- Escoffier, Auguste (1912). Le Guide Culinaire: aide-mémoire de cuisine pratique [The Culinary Guide, practical kitchen cheat sheet] (in French) (3rd ed.). Gallica. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- Montagné, Prosper (1961) [1938]. Turgeon, Charlotte; Froud, Nina (eds.). Larousse gastronomique: the encyclopedia of food, wine & cookery. Translated by Froud, Nina (etc.). London: Paul Hamilyn. ISBN 0-517-50333-6. OCLC 413918.