Molniya (Russian for lightning) may refer to:
- Molniya (satellite), a Soviet military communications satellite
- Molniya (explosive trap), a KGB explosive device
- Molniya (rocket), a variation of the Soyuz launch vehicle
- OKB-4 Molniya, an experimental design bureau responsible for the Molniya R-60 and Vympel R-73 air-to-air missiles
- NPO Molniya, a Soviet design bureau responsible for the Shuttle Buran programme
- Molnija, a Russian watch and clockmaker
- Molniya, a project of the Tarantul class corvette