Mochica is an extinct language formerly spoken along the northwest coast of Peru and in an inland village. First documented in 1607, the language was widely spoken in the area during the 17th century and the early 18th century. By the late 19th century, the language was dying out and spoken only by a few people in the village of Etén, in Chiclayo. It died out as a spoken language around 1920, but certain words and phrases continued to be used until the 1960s.[1]
| Mochica | |
|---|---|
| Yunga | |
| Native to | Peru |
| Region | Lambayeque, and Jequetepeque |
| Extinct | c. 1920 |
Language isolate
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | omc |
omc | |
| Glottolog | moch1259 |
 Approximate extent of Mochica before replacement by Spanish. | |
Classification
editMochica is usually considered to be a language isolate,[2] but has also been hypothesized as belonging to a wider Chimuan language family. Stark (1972) proposes a connection with Uru–Chipaya as part of a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily hypothesis.[3]
Denominations
editThe yunga form is mentioned in the work of Fernando de la Carrera, "yunca" is another form mentioned by varieties of Quechua, "muchic" is only mentioned by the Augustinian father Antonio de la Calancha in 1638, in 1892 Ernst Middendorf it germanizes as "muchik", the form "chimu" is a hypothesis on the part of Middendorf in accordance with the knowledge of that time in the 19th century, when he considered Mochica as a language of the Chimos, but which is currently discarded because it is clearly the Quingnam language[citation needed]. An informal group called by linguistics neo-mochica uses the artificial form "muchik", when the most historically used form is "mochica" or "yunga".
Language contact
editJolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Trumai, Arawak, Kandoshi, Muniche, Barbakoa, Cholon-Hibito, Kechua, Mapudungun, Kanichana, and Kunza language families due to contact. Jolkesky (2016) also suggests that similarities with Amazonian languages may be due to the early migration of Mochica speakers down the Marañón and Solimões.[4]
Speakers
edit.jpg)
It is proven and accepted by linguists that it was spoken by those of the Sican culture, it is not proven that it was spoken by those of the Moche culture, and it is ruled out that it was spoken by the chimos, since it is proven that they spoke Quingnam[citation needed].
Varieties
editThe only varieties are according to each researcher who compiled their vocabulary, so we have the variety of Ernst Middendorf, Compañon, Bruning, etc.
Distribution according to the Art of the Yunga language
edit
According to the list of the vicar of Reque and author of the aforementioned Art, Fernando de la Carrera, the peoples who in 1644 spoke the Mochica language were as follows:
- In the corregimiento of Trujillo: James, Magdalene of Cao, Chocope, Chicama valley, Paijan.
- In the corregimiento of Saña: St. Peter of Lloc, Chepen, Jequetepeque, Guadalupe, New Town, Eten, Chiclayo, St. Michael, St. Lucia, Parish of Saña, Lambayeque with four rooms, Reque, Monsefú, Ferreñafe, Tucum, Illimo, Pacora, Morrope and Jayanca.
- In the corregimiento of Piura: Motupe, Salas (annex of Penachi), Copis (annex of Olmos), Frías and Huancabamba.
- In the corregimiento of Cajamarca: Santa Cruz, San Miguel de la Sierra, Ñopos, San Pablo, the doctrine of the rafts of the Marañón, a bias of Cajamarca, Cachén, Guambos and many other places in the Cajamarca mountain range, such as the Condebamba valley.[5]
Typology
editMochica is typologically different from the other main languages on the west coast of South America, namely the Quechuan languages, Aymara, and the Mapuche language. Further, it contains rare features such as:
- a case system in which cases are built on each other in a linear sequence; for example, the ablative case suffix is added to the locative case, which in turn is added to an oblique case form;
- all nouns have two stems, possessed and non-possessed;
- an agentive case suffix used mainly for the agent in passive clauses; and
- a verbal system in which all finite forms are formed with the copula.
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | c | k | |||
| Affricate | ts | tʃ | |||||
| Fricative | ɸ | ð | s | ʃ | |||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Lateral | glide | l | ʎ | ||||
| fricative | ɬ | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
- /ð/ may also be heard as [d̪] in free variation.
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ ~ ə | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
- /ɨ/ may also range to [ə].[6]
Morphology
editSome suffixes in Mochica as reconstituted by Hovdhaugen (2004):[7]
- sequential suffix: -top
- purpose suffix: -næm
- gerund suffixes: -læc and -ssæc
- gerund suffix: -(æ)zcæf
- gerund suffix: -(æ)d
Lexicon
editSome examples of lexical items in Mochica from Hovdhaugen (2004):[7]
Nouns
editPossessed and non-possessed nouns in Mochica:
| gloss | possessed noun | non-possessed noun |
|---|---|---|
| 'lord' | çiec | çiequic |
| 'father' | ef | efquic |
| 'son' | eiz | eizquic |
| 'nostrils' | fon | fænquic |
| 'eyes' | locɥ | lucɥquic |
| 'soul' | moix | moixquic |
| 'hand' | mæcɥ | mæcɥquic |
| 'farm' | uiz | uizquic |
| 'bread, food' | xllon | xllonquic |
| 'head' | falpæng | falpic |
| 'leg' | tonæng | tonic |
| 'human flesh' | ærqueng | ærquic |
| 'ear' (but med in medec 'in the ears') | medeng | medquic |
| 'belly, heart' (pol and polæng appear to be equivalents) | polæng / pol | polquic |
| 'lawyer' | capæcnencæpcæss | capæcnencæpæc |
| 'heaven' | cuçias | cuçia |
| 'dog' | fanuss | fanu |
| 'duck' | felluss | fellu |
| 'servant' | ianass | yana |
| 'sin' | ixllæss | ixll |
| 'ribbon' | llaftuss | llaftu |
| 'horse' | colæd | col |
| 'fish' | xllacæd | xllac |
| '(silver) money' | xllaxllæd | xllaxll |
| 'maiz' | mangæ | mang |
| 'ceiling' | cɥapæn | cɥap |
| 'creator' | chicopæcæss | chicopæc |
| 'sleeping blanket' | cunur | cunuc |
| 'chair' (< fel 'to sit') | filur | filuc |
| 'cup' (< man 'to drink, to eat') | manir | manic |
| 'toy' (< ñe(i)ñ 'to play') | ñeñur | ñeñuc |
Locative forms of Mochica nouns:
| noun stem | locative form |
|---|---|
| fon 'nostrils' | funæc 'in the nostrils' |
| loc 'foot' | lucæc 'on the feet' |
| ssol 'forehead' | ssulæc 'in the forehead' |
| locɥ 'eye' | lucɥæc 'in the eyes' |
| mæcɥ 'hand' | mæcɥæc 'in the hand' |
| far 'holiday' | farræc 'on holidays' |
| olecɥ 'outside' | olecɥæc 'outside' |
| ssap 'mouth' | ssapæc 'in the mouth' |
| lecɥ 'head' | lecɥæc 'on the head' |
| an 'house' | enec 'in the house' |
| med 'ear' | medec 'in the ears' |
| neiz 'night' | ñeizac 'in the nights' |
| xllang 'sun' | xllangic 'in the sun' |
Quantifiers
editQuantifiers in Mochica:
| quantifier | meaning and semantic categories |
|---|---|
| felæp | pair (counting birds, jugs, etc.) |
| luc | pair (counting plates, drinking vessels, cucumbers, fruits) |
| cɥoquixll | ten (counting fruits, ears of corn, etc.) |
| cæss | ten (counting days) |
| pong | ten (counting fruits, cobs, etc.) |
| ssop | ten (counting people, cattle, reed, etc., i.e. everything that is not money, fruits, and days) |
| chiæng | hundred (counting fruits, etc.) |
Numerals
editMochica numerals:
| Numeral | Mochica |
|---|---|
| 1 | onæc, na- |
| 2 | aput, pac- |
| 3 | çopæl, çoc- |
| 4 | nopæt, noc- |
| 5 | exllmætzh |
| 6 | tzhaxlltzha |
| 7 | ñite |
| 8 | langæss |
| 9 | tap |
| 10 | çiæcɥ, -pong, ssop, -fælæp, cɥoquixll |
| 20 | pacpong, pacssop, etc. |
| 30 | çocpong, çocssop, etc. |
| 40 | nocpong, nocssop, etc. |
| 50 | exllmætzhpong, exllmætzhssop, etc. |
| 60 | tzhaxlltzhapong, tzhaxlltzhassop, etc. |
| 70 | ñitepong, ñitessop, etc. |
| 80 | langæsspong, langæssop, etc. |
| 90 | tappong, tapssong, etc. |
| 100 | palæc |
| 1000 | cunô |
Surviving records
edit
The only surviving song in the language is a single tonada, Tonada del Chimo, preserved in the Codex Martínez Compañón among many watercolours illustrating the life of Chimú people during the 18th century:
1st voice: Ja ya llũnch, ja ya llõch
Ja ya llũnch, ja ya lloch [sic]
In poc cha tanmuisle pecan muisle pecan e necam
2nd voice: Ja ya llũnch, ja ya llõch
Ja ya llũnch
1st voice: E menspocehifama le qui
ten que consmuiſle Cuerpo lens
e menslocunmunom chi perdonar moitin Roc
2nd voice: Ja ya llõch
Ja ya llũnh,[sic] ja ya llõch
1st voice: Chondocolo mec checje su chriſto
po que si ta mali muis le cuer po[sic] lem.
lo quees aoscho perdonar
me ñe fe che tas
2nd voice: Ja ya llũnch, ja ya llõch
Ja ya llũnch, ja ya llõch— [8]
Quingnam, possibly the same as Lengua (Yunga) Pescadora, is sometimes taken to be a dialect, but a list of numerals was discovered in 2010 and is suspected to be Quingnam or Pescadora, not Mochica.
Comparison of the Mochica Our Father to demonstrate its characteristic of isolated language
editIt was common in the 19th century to relate Mochica mainly to Mandarin, Japanese[9] and Quechua.[10] Currently it is discarded and is considered an isolated language.[11] A simple way to check this is to use its our fathers for comparative linguistic purposes:
| Verse in Matthew 6 | Mochica of the "Art of the Yunga Language"[12] | Quechua[13] | Japanese[14] | Chinese[15] | English[16] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | Mæich ef, acaz loc cuçiang nic, tzhæng oc mang licæm mæcha | Yayayku, hanaq pachakunapi kaq. Sutiyki muchasqa kachun. | ten ni mashimasu warera no chichi yo, negawaku wa, mi na wo agamesase tamae. | wǒmen zaì tiān shang de fù, yuàn rén dōu zūn nǐde míng wéi shèng . | Our Father who art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. |
| 10 | piycan ñof tzhæng cuçias, eiæpmang tzhæng polæng mæn, mo æizi capæc cuçiang nic mæn. | Qapaq kayniyki ñuqaykuman hamuchun. Munayniyki rurasqa kachun, imanam hanaq pachapihinataq, kay pachapipas. | Mi kuni wo kitarase tamae. Mi kokoro no ten ni naru gotoku, chi ni mo nasase tamae. | Yuàn nǐde guó jiànglín, yuàn nǐde zhǐyì xíng zaì dì shang, rútóng xíng zaì tiān shang . | Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, On earth as it is in heaven. |
| 11 | Aio ineng, inengô mæich xllon, piy can ñof allô mo lun. | Punchawninkuna tantaykukta kunan quwayku. | Warera no nichiyō no kate wo kyō mo atae tamae | Wǒmen rìyòng de yǐnshí, jīnrì cìgĕi wǒmen . | Give us this day our daily bread; |
| 12 | Efque can ñof ixllæss aie aca naix efco xllãg muss eio mæich, çio mæn. | Huchaykuktari pampachapuwayku, imanam nuqaykupas tutqayktunan huchallikuqlcunakta pampachaykuhina. | Warera ni oime aru mono wo warera ga yurusu gotoku. Warera no oime wo mo yurushi tamae. | Miǎn wǒmen de zhaì, rútóng wǒmen miǎn le rén de zhaì . | And forgive us our debts, As we also have forgiven our debtors; |
| 13 | Amoz tocæn ñof xllang muss emællæc zær enicnam næm lecɥ nan ef coñof pissin quich | Amataq kachariwaykuchu watiqayman urmanqaykupaq. Yallinraq, mana allimanta qispichiwayku. | Warera wo kokoromi ni awasezu, aku yori sukui idashi tamae | Bú jiào wǒmen yùjiàn shìtan, jiù wǒmen tuōlí xiōngè, ( huò zuò tuōlí è zhĕ ) yīnwei guódù, quánbǐng, róngyào, quán shì nǐde, zhídào yǒngyuǎn | And lead us not into temptation, But deliver us from evil. |
Learning program
editThe Gestión de Cultura of Morrope in Peru has launched a program to learn this language, in order to preserve the ancient cultural heritage in the area. This program has been well received by people and adopted by many schools, and also have launched other activities such as the development of ceramics, mates, etc.
Further reading
edit- Brüning, Hans Heinrich (2004). Mochica Wörterbuch / Diccionario mochica: Mochica-castellano, castellano-mochica. Lima: Universidad San Martín de Porres.
- Hovdhaugen, Even (2004). Mochica. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
- Schumacher de Peña, G. (1992). El vocabulario mochica de Walter Lehmann (1929) comparado con otras fuentes léxicas. Lima: UNSM, Instituto de Investigación de Lingüística Aplicada.
References
edit- ^ Adelaar, Willem F. H. (1999). "Unprotected languages, the silent death of the languages in Northern Peru". In Herzfeld, Anita; Lastra, Yolanda (eds.). The social causes of the disappearance and maintenance of languages in the nations of America: papers presented at the 49° International Congress of Americanists, Quito, Ecuador, July 7–11, 1997. Hermosillo: USON. ISBN 978-968-7713-70-0.
- ^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
- ^ Stark, Louisa R. (1972). "Maya-Yunga-Chipayan: A New Linguistic Alignment". International Journal of American Linguistics. 38 (2): 119–135. doi:10.1086/465193. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 145380780.
- ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
- ^ Moche A Peruvian Coastal Community : Gillin, John : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming, página 7, retrieved 6 April 2024
- ^ Eloranta-Barrera Virhuez, Rita Silvia (2020). Mochica: grammatical topics and external relations. Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden dissertation.
- ^ a b Hovdhaugen, Even (2004). Mochica. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
- ^ "Bajo y Tamboril para baylar cantando. [Índice:] Tonada del Chimo.". Trujillo del Perú . Volumen 2 (in Spanish). Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 180. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
- ^ Hoyle, R. L. (1938). Lós mochicas. Casa editora “La Crónica” y “Variedades”, s. a. ltda. p. 42.
- ^ Douay, L. (1891). Études étymologiques sur l'antiquité américaine. J. Maisonneuve. p. 103.
- ^ Eloranta-Barrera Virhuez, R. (2020). Mochica: grammatical topics and external relations (PDF). LOT Dissertations series. LOT. p. 15. ISBN 978-94-6093-348-6.
- ^ Salas García, J. A. (30 June 2011). "El Padre Nuestro en la lengua mochica". Boletín de la Academia Peruana de la Lengua: 69–111. doi:10.46744/bapl.201101.002. ISSN 2708-2644.
- ^ Tavárez, D. (14 December 2017). Words and Worlds Turned Around: Indigenous Christianities in Colonial Latin America. University Press of Colorado. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-60732-684-7.
- ^ Shin yaku zensho : New Testament in romaji, being a transliteration of the Japanese Authorized Version. American Bible Society, Japan Agency. 1904. p. 11.
- ^ Matthew 6 of the Chinese Pinyin Bible, retrieved 7 April 2024
- ^ The Holy Bible. RSVCE, retrieved 13 April 2024
External links
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