The Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) is an executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China that is responsible for formulating policy on foreign trade, export and import regulations, foreign direct investments, consumer protection, market competition (competition regulator) and negotiating bilateral and multilateral trade agreements. it is the 20th-ranking department of the State Council. The current minister is Wang Wentao.
| 中华人民共和国商务部 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Shāngwùbù | |
 Logo of the Ministry of Commerce | |
.jpg) Headquarters | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | March 2003 |
| Preceding agency |
|
| Type | Constituent Department of the State Council (cabinet-level) |
| Jurisdiction | Government of China |
| Headquarters | Beijing |
| Minister responsible | |
| Deputy Ministers responsible |
|
| Agency executives |
|
| Parent agency | State Council |
| Website | www |
| Ministry of Commerce | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 中华人民共和国商务部 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中華人民共和國商務部 | ||||||
| |||||||
History
editBefore October 1949, the Ministry of Economic Affairs was the governing agency of the Republic of China on the mainland responsible for economic trade issues. The agency was created in 1931 and reorganized in 1937.[citation needed]
In November 1949, a month after the People's Republic of China was established, the Chinese Communist Party formed the Ministry of Trade (贸易部) while the MOEA continued to operate in Taiwan and several other islands.[citation needed]
In August 1952, the Ministry was renamed to Ministry of Foreign Trade (对外贸易部). Ye Jizhuang was the first Minister and died in the post in 1967.[citation needed]
In March 1982, the Ministry of Foreign Trade was merged with the Ministry of Foreign Economic Liaison (对外经济联络部), the State Import and Export Regulation Commission (国家进出口管理委员会), and the State Foreign Investment Regulation Commission (国家外国投资管理委员会), and became the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade (对外经济贸易部).[citation needed]
In March 1993, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade was renamed to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (对外贸易经济合作部).[1][non-primary source needed]
In the spring of 2003, the former Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation went through a reorganization and was renamed Ministry of Commerce. During 2003, the Ministry established Forum Macao in the Macao Special Administrative Region as a multi-lateral mechanism for cooperation between China and the Portuguese-speaking countries.[2]: 62
In 2006, the Ministry of Commerce oversaw the program of "ten thousand businesses advance westward" in conjunction with the Hu-Wen administration's early emphasis on balancing regional development.[3]: 217
The ministry also incorporates the former State Economic and Trade Commission and the State Development Planning Commission.
| Ministry of Trade (1949) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ministry of Foreign Trade | Ministry of Foreign Economic Liaison | State Import and Export Regulation Commission | State Foreign Investment Regulation Commission | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (1993) | State Economic and Trade Commission | State Development Planning Commission (1998) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ministry of Commerce (2003) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In 2018, the ministry lost powers and responsibilities regarding anti-monopoly, intellectual property, counterfeit goods, foreign aid, and some financial products to other departments.[4]
Coordinating foreign aid became the responsibility of the newly created China International Development Cooperation Agency (CIDCA).[5]: 18 MOFCOM had tended to emphasize the use of aid to support foreign trade objectives, whereas CIDCA has increasingly emphasized the use of aid to support foreign policy objectives.[5]: 18 MOFCOM continues to have a role in foreign aid through implementing overseas projects and selecting the firms to undertake them.[5]: 147
Functions
editMOFCOM is in charge of the administration of foreign trade and is China's primary foreign trade negotiator.[6]: 210 MOFCOM also deals with foreign investment regulation.[7]: 106 It works with the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) to draft negative lists for foreign investments at the national level and for special economic zones.[4] MOFCOM certifies Chines firms' international contracting business; Chinese contractors performing work abroad must obtain letters from the MOFCOM Economic and Commercial Office at the Chinese embassy in the host country.[5]: 81
MOFCOM additionally is responsible for developing strategic national plans in the areas of finance and taxation, drafts the central financing budget, supervises central financial expenditures, and audits the budget and accounts of state capital and the national social insurance fund.[7]: 40
MOFCOM is China's most important negotiator in the global governance of intellectual property.[6]: 210–211
MOFCOM additionally has responsibilities on economic relations with Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.[4] To that end the Vice Minister An Min, and the previous Financial Secretary of Hong Kong, Antony Leung, concluded the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA). New agreements are continually negotiated between An and the current Financial Secretary John Tsang under the auspices of the CEPA. Similar agreements were also concluded between the MOFCOM and Secretariat for Economy and Finance of Macau.[citation needed]
In the first decade after the institution of China's Anti-Monopoly Law (2008–2018), MOFCOM was responsible for regulation of mergers under the law.[7]: 89, 110 Other antitrust investigations were handled by the State Administration of Industry and Commerce and the NDRC.[7]: 110 During that period, MOFCOM prohibited two mergers and imposed remedies in 36 transactions, all of which involved foreign multinational corporations.[7]: 110 The State Administration for Market Regulation was created and became China's primary antitrust regulator in 2018.[7]: 29
MOFCOM assists in drafting laws and regulations in its relevant policy areas.[7]: 40
List of ministers
edit| Name | Took office | Left office |
|---|---|---|
| Minister of Trade | ||
| Ye Jizhuang | October 1949 | August 1952 |
| Minister of Foreign Trade | ||
| Ye Jizhuang[8] | August 1952 | June 1967 |
| Lin Haiyun[8] | June 1967 | July 1970 |
| Bai Xiangguo[8] | July 1970 | October 1973 |
| Li Qiang[8] | October 1973 | September 1981 |
| Zheng Tuobin | September 1981 | March 1982 |
| Minister of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade | ||
| Chen Muhua | March 1982 | March 1985 |
| Zheng Tuobin | March 1985 | December 1990 |
| Li Lanqing | December 1990 | March 1993 |
| Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation | ||
| Wu Yi | March 1993 | March 1998 |
| Shi Guangsheng | March 1998 | March 2003 |
| Minister of Commerce | ||
| Lü Fuyuan | March 2003 | February 2004 |
| Bo Xilai | February 2004 | December 2007 |
| Chen Deming | December 2007 | March 2013 |
| Gao Hucheng | March 2013 | February 2017 |
| Zhong Shan | February 2017 | December 2020 |
| Wang Wentao | December 2020 | Incumbent |
Structure
editA ministerial-level MOFCOM vice minister serves as the International Trade Representative, representing China at bilateral and multilateral trade agreements.[4]
The Ministry of Commerce is structured into the following departments:[9]
| Departments |
|---|
| Foreign Economic Cooperation |
| Fair Trade for Import and Export |
| Market Economic Order |
| Foreign Investment Administration |
| Market Operation |
| Aid to Foreign Countries |
| Treaty and Law |
| WTO Affairs |
| Trade in Services |
| Market System |
| Comprehensive |
| Specialized |
| Commercial Reform |
| Asian Affairs |
| Western Asian & African Affairs |
| American & Oceanian Affairs |
| International Trade and Economic Affairs |
| Taiwan, Hong Kong & Macao |
| General Economic Affairs |
| Foreign Trade |
| Electromechanical Products & Science and Technology Industry |
| Administrative / Corporate Services |
| General Office |
| Human Resources |
| Policy Research |
| Finance |
| Injury Investigation |
| Negotiation Office |
| Retired Officials |
| Committee of Communist Party |
| Discipline Supervision & Investigation Group |
| Bureau of Discipline Supervision |
| Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation |
| World Economy |
| Consumption and Distribution |
| International Trade |
| Foreign Investment |
| Industry Development and Strategy |
| Commodity Research |
| International Trade in Services |
| Overseas Investment and Economic Cooperation |
| Asian and African Studies |
| Development Cooperation |
| Credit and E-commerce |
| Strategic Trade and Security |
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Chinese Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation". www.fmprc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
- ^ Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.
- ^ Ang, Yuen Yuen (2016). How China Escaped the Poverty Trap. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-0020-0. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1zgwm1j.
- ^ a b c d "Decoding Chinese Politics". Asia Society. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d Chen, Muyang (2024). The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501775857.
- ^ a b Cheng, Wenting (2023). China in Global Governance of Intellectual Property: Implications for Global Distributive Justice. Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies series. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-031-24369-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197682258.
- ^ a b c d Gene T. Hsiao (1977). The Foreign Trade of China: Policy, Law, and Practice. University of California Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-520-03257-6.
- ^ [1] Archived April 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine