The Ministry of the Navy (海軍省, Kaigun-shō) was a cabinet-level ministry in the Empire of Japan charged with the administrative affairs of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). It existed from 1872 to 1945.
| 海軍省 Kaigun-shō | |
 Navy Ministry building, Tokyo, c. 1890 | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | April 1872 |
| Preceding agency | |
| Dissolved | November 1945 |
| Superseding agency | |
| Jurisdiction |  Imperial Japanese Navy |
In the IJA and IJN, the ministries were in charge of Gunsei (軍政, military administration), and Army General Staff Office and Navy General Staff were in charge of Gunrei (軍令, military command). The two were distinguished.
History
editThe Navy Ministry was created in April 1872, along with the Army Ministry, to replace the Ministry of War (兵部省, Hyōbushō) of the early Meiji government.
Initially, the Navy Ministry was in charge of both administration and operational command of the Imperial Japanese Navy. However, with the creation of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff in May 1893, it was left with only administrative functions.
"The ministry was responsible for the naval budget, ship construction, weapons procurement, personnel, relations with the Diet and the cabinet and broad matters of naval policy. The General Staff directed the operations of the fleet and the preparation of war plans".[1] The post of Navy Minister was politically powerful. Although a member of the Cabinet after the establishment of the cabinet system of government in 1885, the Navy Minister was answerable directly to the Emperor (the commander-in-chief of all Japanese armed forces under the Meiji Constitution) and not the Prime Minister.
Up until the 1920s, the Navy Ministry held the upper hand over the Navy General Staff in terms of political influence. However, the officers of the Navy General Staff found an opportunity at the Washington Naval Conference in 1921–22 to improve their situation. At this meeting, the United States and Britain wanted to establish a worldwide naval ratio, asking the Japanese to limit themselves to a smaller navy than the Western powers. The Naval Ministry was willing to agree to this, seeking to maintain the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, but the Navy General Staff refused. The Imperial Japanese Navy became divided into mutually hostile Fleet Faction and Treaty Faction political cliques. Ultimately, the treaty was signed by Japan, but terminated in 1934. Through the 1930s, with increasing Japanese militarism, the Fleet Faction gradually gained ascendancy over the Treaty Faction and came to dominate the Navy General Staff, which pushed through the attack on Pearl Harbor against the resistance of the Navy Ministry.
After 1937, both the Navy Minister and the Chief of the Navy General Staff were members of the Imperial General Headquarters.
With the defeat of the Empire of Japan in World War II, the Navy Ministry was abolished together with the Imperial Japanese Navy by the American occupation authorities in November 1945 and was not revived in the post-war Constitution of Japan.
Organization
editInternally operating divisions
edit- Military Affairs Bureau
- Mobilization Bureau
- Technical Bureau
- Personnel Bureau
- Training Bureau
- Medical Bureau
- Shipyard Bureau
- Naval Construction Bureau
- Legal Bureau
- Administrative/Accounting Bureau
Externally operating divisions
edit- Navy Aviation Bureau
- Navy Academy
- Naval War College
- Naval Accounting School
- Navy Medical School
- Naval Engineering School
- Submarine Division
- Canals and Waterways Division
- Naval Technical Department
- Naval Tribunal
- Tokyo Naval Tribunal
- Chemical Warfare Division
- Radio and Radar Division
- Supply and Transport Bureau
- Naval Construction Division
- Naval Maintenance & Repair Division
- Special Attack Weapons Division
- Emergency Reaction Division
- Naval Aviation Training Division
- Naval Intelligence Division
Ministers of the Navy of Japan
edit
By law, Navy Ministers had to be appointed from active duty admirals or vice-admirals.
Naval Lords under the Ministry of War
edit- Katsu Kaishū
- Kawamura Sumiyoshi
- Enomoto Takeaki (28 February 1880 – 7 April 1881)
- Nakamuta Kuranosuke
- Kabayama Sukenori
Naval Ministers under the Meiji Constitution
edit| No. | Portrait | Name | Term of Office | Cabinet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 
|
Saigō Jūdō 西郷 従道 |
22 December 1885 |
17 May 1890 |
1st Itō |
| Kuroda | |||||
| 1st Yamagata | |||||
| 2 | 
|
Kabayama Sukenori 樺山 資紀 |
17 May 1890 |
8 August 1892 | |
| 1st Matsukata | |||||
| 3 | 
|
Nire Kagenori 仁礼 景範 |
8 August 1892 |
11 March 1893 |
2nd Itō |
| 4 |
|
Saigō Jūdō 西郷 従道 |
11 March 1893 |
8 November 1898 | |
| 2nd Matsukata | |||||
| 3rd Itō | |||||
| 1st Ōkuma | |||||
| 5 | 
|
Yamamoto Gonnohyōe 山本 權兵衞 |
8 November 1898 |
7 January 1906 |
2nd Yamagata |
| 4th Itō | |||||
| 1st Katsura | |||||
| 6 | 
|
Saitō Makoto 斎藤 実 |
7 January 1906 |
16 April 1914 |
1st Saionji |
| 2nd Katsura | |||||
| 2nd Saionji | |||||
| 3rd Katsura | |||||
| 1st Yamamoto | |||||
| 7 | 
|
Yashiro Rokurō 八代 六郎 |
16 April 1914 |
10 August 1915 |
2nd Ōkuma |
| 8 | 
|
Katō Tomosaburō 加藤 友三郎 |
10 August 1915 |
15 May 1923 | |
| Terauchi | |||||
| Hara | |||||
| Takahashi | |||||
| Katō | |||||
| 9 | 
|
Takarabe Takeshi 財部 彪 |
15 May 1923 |
7 January 1924 | |
| 2nd Yamamoto | |||||
| 10 | 
|
Murakami Kakuichi 村上 格一 |
7 January 1924 |
11 June 1924 |
Kiyoura |
| 11 |
|
Takarabe Takeshi 財部 彪 |
11 June 1924 |
20 April 1927 |
Katō |
| 1st Wakatsuki | |||||
| 12 | 
|
Keisuke Okada 岡田 啓介 |
20 April 1927 |
2 July 1929 |
1st Tanaka |
| 13 |
|
Takarabe Takeshi 財部 彪 |
2 July 1929 |
3 October 1930 |
Hamaguchi |
| 14 | .jpg)
|
Kiyokazu Abo 安保 清種 |
3 October 1930 |
13 December 1931 | |
| 2nd Wakatsuki | |||||
| 15 | 
|
Mineo Ōsumi 大角 岑生 |
13 December 1931 |
9 March 1936 |
Inukai |
| Saitō | |||||
| Saitō | |||||
| Okada | |||||
| 16 | 
|
Osami Nagano 永野 修身 |
9 March 1936 |
2 February 1937 |
Hirota |
| 17 | 
|
Mitsumasa Yonai 米内 光政 |
2 February 1937 |
30 August 1939 |
Hayashi |
| 1st Konoe | |||||
| 1st Hiranuma | |||||
| 18 | 
|
Zengo Yoshida 吉田 善吾 |
30 August 1939 |
5 September 1940 |
Abe |
| Yonai | |||||
| 2nd Konoe | |||||
| 19 | 
|
Koshirō Oikawa 及川 古志郎 |
5 September 1940 |
18 October 1941 | |
| 3rd Konoe | |||||
| 20 | 
|
Shigetarō Shimada 嶋田 繁太郎 |
18 October 1941 |
17 July 1944 |
Tojo |
| 21 | 
|
Naokuni Nomura 野村 直邦 |
17 July 1944 |
22 July 1944 | |
| 22 |
|
Mitsumasa Yonai 米内 光政 |
22 July 1944 |
1 December 1945 |
Koiso |
| Suzuki | |||||
| Higashikuni | |||||
| Shidehara | |||||
See also
editReferences
editNotes
edit- ^ Spector
Books
edit- Asada, Sadao (2006). From Mahan to Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States. US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-042-8.
- Schencking, J. Charles (2005). Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, And The Emergence of The Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868–1922. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4977-9.
- Spector, Ronald (1985). Eagle Against the Sun. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-74101-3.
External links
edit- "Foreign Office Files for Japan and the Far East". Adam Matthew Publications.