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Louis-Nicolas Davout

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"Davout" redirects here. For the ship, see French cruiser Davout.

Louis-Nicolas d'Avout (French pronunciation: [lwi nikɔla davu]; 10 May 1770 – 1 June 1823), better known as Davout, 1st Prince of Eckmühl, 1st Duke of Auerstaedt, was a French military commander and Marshal of the Empire who served during both the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. His talent for war, along with his reputation as a stern disciplinarian, earned him the nickname "The Iron Marshal" (Le Maréchal de fer). He is ranked along with Marshals André Masséna and Jean Lannes as one of Napoleon's finest commanders.[1][2] His loyalty and obedience to Napoleon were absolute. During his lifetime, Davout's name was commonly spelled Davoust - this spelling appears on the Arc de Triomphe and in much of the correspondence between Napoleon and his generals.

Marshal of the Empire
Louis-Nicolas Davout
Prince of Eckmühl, Duke of Auerstedt
Minister of War of the Hundred Days Empire
In office
20 March 1815 – 9 July 1815
MonarchsNapoleon I
Napoleon II
Preceded byHenri Jacques Guillaume Clarke
Succeeded byLaurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
Governor-general of the Duchy of Warsaw
In office
15 July 1807 – 1809
Mayor of Savigny-sur-Orge
In office
8 October 1822 – 1 June 1823
Personal details
Born(1770-05-10)10 May 1770
Annoux, France
Died1 June 1823(1823-06-01) (aged 53)
Paris, France
Resting placePère Lachaise Cemetery
Children8
AwardsLegion of Honour
Signature
NicknameThe Iron Marshal
Military service
Allegiance Kingdom of France
 Kingdom of France
 French First Republic
 First French Empire
Branch/serviceArmy
Years of service1788–1815
RankMarshal of the Empire
Commands
Battles/wars
See battles

Early life

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Davout's birthplace in Annoux

Davout was born in the small village of Annoux, Yonne, as the eldest son of Jean-François d'Avout (1739–1779), a cavalry officer and his wife (married in 1768) Françoise-Adélaïde Minard de Velars (1741–1810).[3]: 4  Although a member of an impoverished minor French noble family, he was still educated in the nearby Brienne-le-Chateau, which had a military academy also attended by Napoleon, before also transferring to the École Militaire in Paris on 29 September 1785.[4] He graduated on 19 February 1788 and was appointed a sous-lieutenant in the Royal-Champagne Cavalry Regiment[4] in garrison at Hesdin (Pas-de-Calais).[5]: 94 

French Revolutionary Wars

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Louis-Nicolas Davout, lieutenant-colonel of the 3rd battalion of Yonne in 1792, by Alexis-Nicolas Pérignon (1834)

On the outbreak of the French Revolution, Davout embraced its principles. He was chef de bataillon in a volunteer corps in the campaign of 1792, and distinguished himself at the Battle of Neerwinden the following spring. He had just been promoted to general of brigade when he was removed from the active list because of his noble birth. After he divorced his wife in 1794 he served in the Rhine campaign of 1796, and accompanied General Louis Desaix in the Egyptian expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte.[6]

On his return, he did not take part in the Battle of Marengo, where his friend Desaix was killed while making a decisive contribution to the victory.[3]: 65  Napoleon, who had great confidence in his abilities, finally promoted him to general of division and arranged his marriage to his sister Pauline's sister-in-law Aimée Leclerc, thus making him part of Napoleon's extended family, and gave him a command in the grenadiers of the Consular Guard.

Napoleonic Wars

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Davout at the Battle of Auerstedt, by Dick de Lonlay

At the ascension of Napoleon as emperor in 1804, Davout was named as one of the original 18 Marshals of the Empire. Davout was the youngest and least experienced of the generals promoted to marshal, which earned him the hostility of other generals throughout his career. On 18 June 1805 he was present at the Battle of Blanc-Nez and Gris-Nez after joining a Batavian flotilla, headed for Boulogne, as an observer.

As commander of the III Corps of the Grande Armée, Davout rendered his greatest services. At the Battle of Austerlitz, following a forced march of 48 hours to fall on the left flank of the Russian army, the III Corps bore the brunt of the allies' attack. In the subsequent War of the Fourth Coalition, Davout, with a single corps, with the intention to fall on the Prussian left wing, fought and won the Battle of Auerstädt against the main Prussian Army,[6] under the Duke of Brunswick, which had more than twice as many soldiers at its disposal (more than 63,000, to Davout's 28,000). His actions in this battle earned him the nickname 'Iron Marshal'. Napoleon after hearing reports about the alleged battle would mock Davout, telling his aide-de-camp “your Marshal must’ve been seeing double”, mocking Davout’s spectacle wearing. Historian François-Guy Hourtoulle writes: "At Jena, Napoleon won a battle he could not lose. At Auerstädt, Davout won a battle he could not win".[7] As a reward, Napoleon let Davout and his men enter Berlin first on 25 October 1806.

Davout added to his renown in the battles of Eylau and Friedland. Napoleon left him as governor-general of the newly created Duchy of Warsaw following the Treaties of Tilsit in 1807, and the next year awarded him with the title of Duke of Auerstädt. During the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809, Davout took part in the Battle of Eckmühl, and also distinguished himself in the Battle of Wagram, where he commanded the right wing. He was later made Prince of Eckmühl following the campaign. In 1810 Davout travelled to Compiègne with Napoleon to collect the 18-year-old bride Marie-Louise of Austria.

 
Marshal Davout in Chudov Monastery of Moscow Kremlin, by Vasili Vereshchagin

In 1810 he was sent to Hamburg when Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte left for Sweden;[8] Davout was entrusted by Napoleon with the task of organizing the "corps of observation of the Elbe", which would become the gigantic army with which Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812. In this, he commanded the I Corps, the strongest corps, numbering over 70,000. On 1 July he left Vilnius. On the order of Napoleon Davout secretly took over the command of Jérôme Bonaparte,[9] occupied Minsk but had lost a third of his men due to sickness and desertion. Davout went very far in humiliating the 33rd regiment, which was no exception.[10] He defeated the Russians at Mohilev before he joined the main army at Smolensk, with which he continued throughout the campaign.[6] During the retreat from Moscow he conducted the rear guard, which was deemed too slow by the emperor, and was replaced by Marshal Michel Ney in the Battle of Vyazma. His inability to hold out against Mikhail Miloradovich in the Battle of Krasnoi, threatened his forces with destruction,[11] until the arrival of the Old Guard led by Édouard Mortier. Davout managed to successfully cross the Losvinka brook, albeit at the cost of his rearguard's sacrifice. Davout's jammed carriages, fell into the hands of the Cossacks.[12] Among the booty captured by the Russians were Davout's war chest, a plethora of maps of the Middle East, Central Asia and India, and Davout's Marshal baton.[13][14] The loss of his baton led him into disgrace and he would not meet with the emperor again until his return from Elba.

In April 1813, on his return from Russia with 4,000, the remains of 70,000 men,[15] Davout commanded the military district of Hamburg and Dirk van Hogendorp left.[16] (The French had initially been driven out by the Russians in March 1813.) He defended the poorly fortified and provisioned city, through the long Siege of Hamburg, only surrendering on direct order by King Louis XVIII, who had come to the throne after Napoleon's abdication in April 1814.[6] The French restored their authority with many reprisals among the population. During the siege, he expelled up to 25,000 of Hamburg's poorest citizens out of the city into the cold winter, many of whom perished of cold and starvation.[17] Between 1806 and 1814, when the French occupation came to an end by Davout's surrender, the population decreased by nearly one-half, to 55,000.[18]

 
Copy of Davout's baton (Hermitage)

Davout's military character has been interpreted as cruel and he had to defend himself against many attacks upon his conduct at Hamburg. He was a stern disciplinarian, who exacted rigid and precise obedience from his troops, and consequently his corps was more trustworthy and exact in the performance of its duty than any other. For example, Davout forbade his troops from plundering enemy villages, a policy he would enforce by the use of the death penalty. Thus, in the early days of the Grande Armée, the III Corps tended to be entrusted with the most difficult work. He was regarded by his contemporaries as one of the ablest of Napoleon's marshals.

Hundred Days

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Marshall Davout in Hamburg (1813)

Upon the first restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, he retired into private life, openly displaying his hostility to the Bourbons, and when Napoleon returned from Elba, Davout rejoined him.[6] Appointed Minister of War, he reorganized the French Army insofar as time permitted, and he was so indispensable to the war department that Napoleon kept him in Paris during the Waterloo campaign. To what degree his skill and bravery would have altered the fortunes of the campaign of 1815 can only be surmised, but Napoleon has been criticized for his failure to avail himself in the field of the services of the best general he then possessed.[6]

Davout directed the gallant, but hopeless, defense of Paris after the Battle of Waterloo.[6] He received the command of the army assembled under the walls of Paris, and would have fought, had he not received the order of the provisional government to negotiate with the enemy.[19] On 24 June 1815, Davout was sent by Joseph Fouché, the president of the provisional government, to the dethroned emperor at the Élysée Palace with a request to quit Paris, where his continued presence could lead to trouble and public danger. Napoleon received him coldly but left Paris the next day and resided at Château de Malmaison until 29 June when he departed for Rochfort.[20][21] In later years, Napoleon said of Davout bitterly that "he betrayed me too. He has a wife and children; he thought that all was lost; he wanted to keep what he had got,"[22] while on another occasion he remarked that, "I thought that Davout loved me, but he loved only France."[23] Subsequently, Davout retired with the army beyond the Loire and made his submission to the restored Bourbon monarchy on 14 July, and within a few days gave up his command to Marshal Jacques MacDonald.[19]

Later life

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Davout's tomb at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris

Upon the second restoration, Davout was deprived of his titles and was exiled to Louviers on 27 December 1815. When some of his subordinate generals were proscribed, he demanded to be held responsible for their acts, as executed under his orders, and he endeavoured to prevent the condemnation of Ney. After half a year, the hostility of the Bourbons towards Davout faded and he became reconciled to the monarchy. In 1817, his rank and titles were restored and in 1819, he became a member of the Chamber of Peers.[6]

In 1822, Davout was elected mayor of Savigny-sur-Orge, an office he held for a year. His son Louis-Napoléon was also mayor of the city from 1843 to 1846. A main square bears their name in the city, as does a boulevard in Paris.[24][25]

Davout died in Paris on 1 June 1823. His remains rest in the Père Lachaise Cemetery, where an elaborate tomb marks his grave.

Honours and awards

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Davout's name, written as Davoust, appears on the Arc de Triomphe, eastern pillar, column 14.

Davout held the following honours and awards:[26]

Personal life

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Château de Savigny-sur-Orge, owned by Davout from 1802

Davout was known as a methodical person in both military and personal affairs. Within the army and among his social peers, he was often considered cold and distant; while respected, he was not well-liked. During times of peace, he preferred to spend time with his family and care for his home, rather than cultivate his high social standing.[citation needed]

Because of his stubborn personality and limited social skills, he developed many enemies and antagonists within the army's officer corps, notably Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Joachim Murat (with whom he clashed strongly during the 1812 campaign), Louis-Alexandre Berthier and Baron Thiébault (who would harshly criticize Davout in his memoirs).[citation needed]

Perhaps his fiercest anger was directed towards Bernadotte, who he perceived to have failed to come to his aid at Auerstadt, though close enough to observe the smoke and hear the cannon fire.[citation needed] His anger was so intense that Davout requested to settle the matter with a personal duel, averted only by Napoléon's personal intervention. Bernadotte was eventually sent back to Paris in disgrace after being caught by Napoleon retreating without orders at the battle of Wagram.[citation needed] Bernadotte then caught the eye of the Swedish ambassador, looking for a well-connected French officer to take on the role of heir to the Swedish throne. [28] When Sweden threw in her lot against Napoleon in the War of the Sixth Coalition, Davout personally asked to be placed opposite Bernadotte's contingent, in order to gain retribution for the latter's betrayal. But with Davout assigned to defend Hamburg (which he did, up to and beyond Napoleon's abdication), they never did face each other in battle.[28]

Of the other Marshals, Davout had the best relations with Michel Ney, Nicolas Charles Oudinot and Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr. His best friend was possibly Charles-Étienne Gudin de La Sablonnière, one of his subordinates, who was killed in battle in 1812.[citation needed]

Family

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Aimée Leclerc with two daughters

Davout was also noted for his loyalty to his long-time second wife[29] Louise Aimée Julie Davout (née Leclerc, sister of Charles Leclerc and sister-in-law of Pauline Bonaparte) (Pontoise, 19 June 1782 – Paris, 17 December 1868), whom he married in 1801 and who remained with him until his death. Their marriage was loving and the couple seem to have been faithful to each other despite very long periods of separation. They had eight children, four of whom died in childhood:

  • Paul (1802–1803)
  • Joséphine (1804–1805)
  • Antoinette Joséphine (1805 – 19 August 1821), married in 1820 to Achille, Comte Félix-Vigier (1801–1868)
  • Adèle Napoleone (June 1807 – 21 January 1885), married on 14 March 1827 to Étienne, Comte de Cambacérès (1804 – 20 December 1878)
  • Napoleon (1809–1810)
  • Napoleon Louis, 2nd Duke of Auerstedt, 2nd and last Prince of Eckmühl (6 January 1811 – 13 June 1853), who died unmarried and without issue
  • Jules (1812–1813)
  • Adelaide-Louise (8 July 1815 – 6 October 1892), married on 17 August 1835 to François-Edmond de Couliboeuf, Marquis de Blocqueville (1789–1861)

The title of duke went to the descendants of Louis-Nicolas' brother Charles Isidor (1774–1854) by his marriage in 1824 to Claire de Cheverry (1804–1895). He also had a sister Julie (1771–1846), married in 1801 to Marc-Antoine Bonnin de La Bonninière, 1st Count de Beaumont (1763–1830), and another brother, Alexandre-Louis-Edme, 1st Baron d'Avout (1773–1820), married in 1808 to Alire Parisot (1786–1856).[30] The youngest daughter, Adelaide-Louise, marquise de Blocqueville, left provision in her will for the name of her father to be given to a lighthouse. In 1897, the Phare d'Eckmühl was opened on the headland of Penmarc'h in Brittany.

References

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  1. ^ "Louis Davout". Napoleonic Guide. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  2. ^ Chandler, David G. (1987). Napoleon's Marshals. p. 94. MacMillan, New York.
  3. ^ a b Gallaher, John G. (2000). The Iron Marshal: A Biography of Louis N. Davout. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-396-X.
  4. ^ a b Six, Georges (1934). "D'Avout ou Davout (Louis-Nicolas duc d'Awerstaedt et prince d'Eckmühl)". Dictionnaire biographique des généraux et amiraux français de la Révolution et de l'Empire: 1792–1814 (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Librairie Historique et Nobilaire. pp. 296–297.
  5. ^ Chandler, David G. (1987). Napoleon's Marshals. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 93–117. ISBN 0-297-79124-9.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Davout, Louis Nicolas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 870–871. Cites as sources:
    • The Marquise de Blocqueville (Davout's daughter) (1870–1880, 1887). Le Maréchal Davout raconté par les siens et lui-même. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    • Chenier (1866). Davout, duc d'Auerstaedt. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Shosenberg, James W. (October 2009). "Napoleon's Double Knock-out Punch". Military History. 23 (7): 22.
  8. ^ Helmut Stubbe da Luz, Swantje Naumann: Die französischen Besatzer in Hamburg. Zeugnisse zu den Jahren 1811-1814, p. 227
  9. ^ Correspondance de Napoleon, Tome XXIV, 18911, p. 28
  10. ^ 1812: The March on Moscow by Paul Britten Austen
  11. ^ Napoléon Et la Grande Armée en Russie, Ou, Examen Critique de L'ouvrage de M. Le Comte Ph. de Ségur by Gaspard Baron Gourgaud (1825), p. 398
  12. ^ Adam Zamoysky (2004) Moscow 1812, p. 422
  13. ^ Wilson, p. 274. Other sources state that Davout's baggage was captured earlier that day east of Krasny, or the previous day during the fighting with Eugène near Eskovo. Wilson's narrative seems most credible.
  14. ^ Napoleon in Russia: A Concise History of 1812, pp. 201–203 by Digby Smith, Pen & Sword Military, ISBN 1-84415-089-5
  15. ^ Digby, p. 205
  16. ^ Helmut Stubbe da Luz: Le maréchal Davout, „le beau siège de Hambourg“ en 1813/14 et „le nom français“. In: Francia 36 (2009), p. 181–207.
  17. ^ Aaslestad, Katherine B.(2016) "Postwar Cities: The Cost of the Wars of 1813–1815 on Society in Hamburg and Leipzig". War, Demobilization and Memory: The. Legacy of War in the Era of Atlantic Revolutions (Forrest, A., Hagemann, K. and Rowe, M., ed). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-1-137-40648-4
  18. ^ Chambers, William. and Chambers, Robert., ed. (1890). "Hamburg". Chambers's Encyclopædia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge, New Edition Vol. 5. London: William & Robert Chambers. pp. 527.
  19. ^ a b Knight, Charles. Ed (1858) "Davout, Louis Nicholas", Cyclopædia of Biography Vols. and II. London: Bradbury And Evans: pp. 533
  20. ^ Madelin, Louis.(1967). The Consulate and the Empire: 1809–1815 Vol. 2 (translated from the French by E.F. Buckley). New York: AMS Press. pp. 459.
  21. ^ Thornton, Michael J. (1968) Napoleon After Waterloo: England and the St. Helena Decision. Stanford:Stanford University Press. pp. 6–11
  22. ^ Gourgaud, Gaspar (1904). Talks of Napoleon at St Helena with General Baron Gourgaud. Translated by Latimer, Elizabeth Wormley. Chicago: A. C. McClurg. p. 264.
  23. ^ Vachée, Jean-Baptiste-Modeste-Eugène (1914) Napoleon at Work: London: A. and C. Black. pp. 174
  24. ^ "Google query". www.google.it. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  25. ^ "Google query for the square". www.google.it. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  26. ^ Annuaire de la pairie et de la noblesse de France et des maisons souveraines de l'Europe et de la diplomatie (in French). Bureau de la Publ. 1845. p. 95.
  27. ^ Almanach impérial. Testu. 1810.
  28. ^ a b Gallaher, John G. (1976). The iron marshal: a biography of Louis N. Davout. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 124–135. ISBN 978-0-8093-0691-6.
  29. ^ He was first married, in 1791, to Adelaide Séguenot (c. 1768 – 1795) and later divorced in 1794
  30. ^ Valynseele, Joseph (1957). Les maréchaux du Premier empire : leur famille et leur descendance (in French).

Further reading

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  • Potocka-Wąsowiczowa, Anna z Tyszkiewiczów. Wspomnienia naocznego świadka. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1965.
  • Gallaher, John G. (2000). The Iron Marshal. A Biography of Louis N. Davout. London: The Greenhill Books.
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Political offices
Preceded by Minister of War
20 March 1815 – 7 July 1815 		Succeeded by
French nobility
Preceded by
New creation
 Duke of Auerstaedt
1808-1823 		Succeeded by
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