Alopecurus geniculatus is a species of grass known by the common name water foxtail[2] or marsh foxtail.[3] It is native to much of Eurasia and introduced into North America, South America, and Australia. It grows in moist areas.[4][5][6][7]
| Alopecurus geniculatus | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Subfamily: | Pooideae |
| Genus: | Alopecurus |
| Species: | A. geniculatus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Alopecurus geniculatus L. 1753 not Lindh. ex Scheele 1849 nor Sibth. ex Steudel 1840
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Alopecurus geniculatus is a perennial grass forming bunches of erect stems up to about 60 cm (24 inches) in height. The leaves are up 12 cm (5 inches) in length. The pale green to purplish inflorescence is a dense panicle up to 6 or 7 cm long which blooms in dusty yellow-orange anthers.[8][9][10] reproduces sexually by seeds and can reproduce vegetatively by rooting at stem nodes.[2]
In Europe, it can be affected by a fungus, known as 'Foxtail Smut', Urocystis alopecuri.[11]
Environmental conservation
editAlopecurus geniculatus is a component of purple moor grass and rush pastures a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe.
Nonindigenous spread
editThe grass has spread significantly in the United States since it was first introduced.[2]
| State | First Observed |
|---|---|
| AK | 1940 |
| AZ | 1941 |
| AR | 1905 |
| CA | 1900 |
| CO | 1886 |
| CT | 1900 |
| DC | 1900 |
| GA | 1929 |
| ID | 1912 |
| IL | 1860 |
| IN | 1918 |
| IA | 1894 |
| KS | 1890 |
| KY | 1900 |
| LA | 1897 |
| ME | 1893 |
| MD | 1900 |
| MA | 1874 |
| MI | 1900 |
| MN | 1900 |
| MS | 1892 |
| MT | 1884 |
| NE | 1900 |
| NV | 1978 |
| NH | 1900 |
| NJ | 1915 |
| NM | 1904 |
| NY | 1858 |
| ND | 1915 |
| OH | 1882 |
| OK | 1896 |
| OR | 1884 |
| PA | 1900 |
| RI | 1941 |
| SD | 1900 |
| TN | 1999 |
| TX | 1899 |
| UT | 1894 |
| VT | 1921 |
| WA | 1902 |
| WV | 1900 |
| WI | 1900 |
| WY | 1888 |
Hybrid
editAlopecurus geniculatus is known to hybridize with other members of the Alopecurus genus. Alopecurus x haussknechtianus is a hybrid between A. geniculatus and A. aequalis, Alopecurus x brachystylus is a hybrid between A. geniculatus and A. pratensis, Alopecurus x plettkei is s hybrid between A. geniculatus and A. bulbosus (Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland 2016)[2]
References
edit- ^ The Plant List, Alopecurus geniculatus L.
- ^ a b c d "water foxtail (Alopecurus geniculatus) - Species Profile". nas.er.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ Moore, D. M. 1983. Flora de Tierra del Fuego 396 pp. A. Nelson; Missouri Botanical Garden, Oswestry; St. Louis
- ^ Soreng, R. J. 2003. Alopecurus. 48: 97–106. In R. J. Soreng, P. M. Peterson, G. Davidse, E. J. Judziewicz, F. O. Zuloaga, T. S. Filgueiras & O. Morrone (eds.) Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): IV. Subfamily Pooideae, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
- ^ Böcher, T. W., K. Holmen & K. Jacobsen. 1968. Flora of Greenland (ed. 2) 312 pp.
- ^ Bor, N. L. 1960. Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan i–767. Pergamon Press, Oxford
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Coda di topo ginocchiata, Vulpin genouillé, capim-cauda-de-raposa-dobrado, kärrkavle, Alopecurus geniculatus includes photos and European distribution map
- ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
- ^ Dogan, M. 1999. A concise taxonomic revision of the genus Alopecurus L. (Gramineae). Türk Botanik Dergisi 23(4): 245–262
- ^ "Urocystis alopecuri – Plant Parasites of Europe". bladmineerders.nl. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
External links
edit- Jepson Manual Treatment
- United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
- Grass Manual Treatment
- Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California