Maria Aloysia Löwenfels PHJC, (July 1915 – 9 August 1942) was a German religious sister. She converted from Judaism to Catholicism. In 1936, she fled to the convent of the Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ in Lutterade, Netherlands.[2] In 1938, she was confirmed as a novice.[3] On 9 August 1942, she was murdered in the gas chambers of concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. In 2015, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Limburg announced that a beatification process had been started.[4]
Maria Aloysia Löwenfels PHJC | |
|---|---|
 Monument for Maria Aloysia Löwenfels at the location of the former convent | |
| Born | Luise Löwenfels 5 July 1915[1] Trabelsdorf, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire |
| Died | 9 August 1942 Auschwitz-Birkenau, Upper Silesia, Nazi Germany |
Biography
editLöwenfels was born on 5 July 1915 in Trabelsdorf, Bavaria, Germany as Luise Löwenfels in a Jewish family. She went to high school at the Gnadenthal monastery in Bavaria, where she became attracted to the Roman Catholic Church.[3] On 25 November 1935,[3] Löwenfels was baptised in the convent of the Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ in Mönchengladbach against the wishes of her family.[5] She started to work as a teacher.[3]
Löwenfels had been planning an escape to Great Britain.[4] In 1936, one of the children accused her of being Jewish, and threatened to expose her to the Gestapo.[3] Löwenfels fled the next morning to Geleen in the Netherlands.[4] In Lutterade near Geleen, there was a convent of the Poor Handmaids which was founded by German sisters who had fled Germany in 1875 during the Kulturkampf.[6] Löwenfels joined the convent, learned Dutch and started to work as a kindergarten teacher. On 17 September 1938, Löwenfels was confirmed by the Bishop of Roermond as a novice and given the religious name Maria Aloysia.[3]
Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940.[7] Löwenfels was contacted by her brother that the family was trying to escape to the United States, however, she decided to remain. In 1942, she was ordered to wear the Star of David.[4] In February 1942, there was an audience of the religious leaders of the Netherlands with Reichskommissar Seyss-Inquart during which the anti-Semitic policies were condemned.[8] On 20 July 1942, Johannes de Jong, the Archbishop of Utrecht, issued a pastoral letter to be read in all churches, protesting against the deportation of the Jews.[9] In response, 244 former Jews who had converted to the Roman Catholic Church were arrested by the Gestapo on August 2, 1942 and taken via the Amersfoort transit camp to the Westerbork transit camp and finally to the Auschwitz extermination camp.[5]
On 2 August 1942, Löwenfels was arrested, and transported to Westerbork transit camp[3] where she arrived on 4 August.[10] On 7 August,[10] she was sent to concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau together with 987 other people. On 9 August, she was murdered in the gas chamber.[3][5][11] Among the Catholic Jews was also the Discalced Carmelite Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (Edith Stein), who had also fled to the Netherlands.[5]
Aftermath
editThe convent in Lutterade was torn down. In 2006, a monument was placed in remembrance of Löwenfels at the location of the convent.[2] Her brother managed to escape to the United States.[10][1]
In 2015, the apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Limburg announced that a beatification process had been opened for Sister Maria Aloysia. The postulator is Christiane Humpert PHJC. The investigation has focused on whether Löwenfels died as a martyr.[5][4]
References
edit- ^ a b "The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names". Yad Vashem (in English and Hebrew). Retrieved 17 May 2021.
- ^ a b "About Luise Löwenfels". Joods Monument. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Eine stille Frau: Luise, die zu Aloysia wurde". Kirchen Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "Seligsprechungsverfahren für Luise Löwenfels eröffnet" (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "Zaligverklaringsproces voor Joodse zuster geopend" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2016-11-18. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "Eerste steen (voormalig) klooster van de Zusters Arme Dienstmaagden van Jezus Christus (Geleen)". Charles Vos (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "De invasie 10 mei 1940". Tweede Wereldoorlog.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ Bas von Benda-Beckmann (2015). "De rooms-katholieke kerk en de grenzen van verzet in Nederland tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog". Niod Verkennend Onderzoek (in Dutch). NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies: 15.
- ^ "20 juli 1942: vanaf de kansel van de kathedraal". Bisdom Haarlem-Amsterdam (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ a b c "Löwenfels Luise". Spuren im Vest. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "Luise Löwenfels" (in Dutch). Network of War Collections. Retrieved 18 May 2021.