The Islas Marías ("Mary Islands") make up an archipelago in Mexico, consisting of four islands. They are located in the Pacific Ocean, some 100 km (62 mi) off the coast of the state of Nayarit and about 370 km (230 mi) southeast of the tip of Baja California.[1] They are part of the municipality (municipio) of San Blas, Nayarit. The islands were used as a penal colony until February 18, 2019, when President Andrés Manuel López Obrador ordered the closure of its operation as Islas Marías Federal Prison.[2]
 | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Location | Pacific Ocean |
| Coordinates | 21°31′N 106°29′W / 21.517°N 106.483°W |
| Archipelago | Islas Marías |
| Total islands | 9 |
| Major islands | María Madre, María Magdalena, María Cleofas and San Juanito |
| Area | 244.970 km2 (94.583 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 616 m (2021 ft) |
| Highest point | Punta Rocallosa |
| Administration | |
Mexico | |
| State | Nayarit |
| Municipality | San Blas, Nayarit |
| Largest settlement | Puerto Balleto (pop. 602) |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 1,116 (2005) |
| Pop. density | 7.68/km2 (19.89/sq mi) |
The first European to encounter the islands was Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, a cousin of Hernán Cortés in 1532, who gave them the name Islas Magdalenas. He found no evidence of prior habitation by the Native Americans.[3]
In 2010 the archipelago was designated the Islas Marías Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.[4][5]
Geography
editThe islands have an aggregate area of 244.97 km2 (94.58 sq mi) and a population of 1,116 on Isla María Madre as of the census of 2005 along with around 8,000 prisoners. The other islands are uninhabited. The main settlement is Puerto Balleto, with a population of 602.[6]
Isla María Madre is the largest of the islands, with an area of 145.28 km2 (56.09 sq mi). It houses the Islas Marías Federal Prison, which was established there in 1905.[2] The next two largest islands are Isla María Magdalena (70.44 km2 [27.20 sq mi]) and, further south, Isla María Cleofas (19.82 km [12.32 mi]). They were named after three women called Mary in the Biblical New Testament: respectively, Mary, the mother of Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Mary, the wife of Cleopas, and are referred to as the Tres Marias. A smaller island, San Juanito, with an area of 9.1 km2 (3.5 sq mi) lies off the north coast of Isla María Madre.[1]
The islands are listed from north to south in the following table:
| Island or Rock | Area km2 |
Height m |
Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| San Juanito | 9.105 | . | 21°44′48″N 106°40′41″W / 21.74667°N 106.67806°W |
| Piedra El Morro | 0.060 | . | 21°44′17″N 106°42′11″W / 21.73806°N 106.70306°W |
| María Madre | 145.282 | 616 | 21°36′57″N 106°34′42″W / 21.61583°N 106.57833°W |
| Isla Don Boni | 0.025 | . | 21°32′30″N 106°32′0″W / 21.54167°N 106.53333°W |
| María Magdalena | 70.440 | 457 | 21°27′44″N 106°25′48″W / 21.46222°N 106.43000°W |
| María Cleofas | 19.818 | 402 | 21°18′44″N 106°14′51″W / 21.31222°N 106.24750°W |
| Piedra Blanca | 0.172 | . | 21°19′1″N 106°17′9″W / 21.31694°N 106.28583°W |
| Roca Blanca | 0.034 | . | 21°17′44″N 106°16′7″W / 21.29556°N 106.26861°W |
| unnamed rock | 0.034 | . | 21°17′52″N 106°16′35″W / 21.29778°N 106.27639°W |
| Islas Marías | 244.970 | 616 | 21°32′N 106°28′W / 21.533°N 106.467°W |
Geology
editResearch supports the hypothesis that the Islas Marias are fragments of continental crust left over from the separation of the Baja California Peninsula from the mainland of Mexico. Rocks found on the islands correspond with rocks found around Cabo San Lucas, as well as Puerto Vallarta.[7]
The Tres Marías Islands are a linear chain of continental shelf islands located 80–110 km from the nearest mainland, in a shallow sea.[2] The four islands, Isla San Juanito, Isla María Madre, Isla María Magdalena and Isla María Cleofas, vary in elevation, with Isla María Madre being the largest (145 km2, 620 m). Isla Isabel, a volcanic island (2 km2, 190 m), may facilitate the movement of people between some of these islands and the mainland, although it is closer to the mainland.[8]
Historically, this region was connected to the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula and the Nayarit coast during the Miocene, and remained connected to the Nayarit mainland until three million years ago in the Late Pliocene. The islands, submerged until the Late Pliocene, were formed well before the Late Pleistocene, as evidenced by Late Pleistocene terrace deposits in the lower areas of Isla María Madre and Isla María Cleofas.[9] Significant uplift, amounting to hundreds of metres, facilitated this formation.
Throughout the Pleistocene, sea levels fluctuated cyclically, reaching 120 m below present levels during glacial maxima.[10] These variations, due to tectonic rifting, uplift and sea level fluctuations, had a major impact on the population dynamics of the islands' biota.
Fauna
editThe main vegetation of Tres Marías is a seasonally dry tropical forest of medium height, very similar to the undisturbed vegetation on the adjacent mainland. Rainfall patterns are similar to those of the mainland, but mean annual temperature and total annual rainfall are slightly and markedly lower. The islands are home to 38 species of native landbirds, 24 of which are considered endemic subspecies, as well as other endemic vertebrates such as a single species of reptile and five species and four subspecies of endemic mammals. Unfortunately, one endemic mammal species is extinct and another is critically endangered.[11]
Animal species endemic to the Islas Marías include the Tres Marías amazon, Tres Marias hummingbird[12] and Tres Marias island mouse,[13] in addition to the Tres Marias raccoon, a subspecies of the common raccoon.[14]
Populated places
editAll populated places of the Islas Marías are on Isla María Madre. They are listed from north to south in the following table:[6]
Each populated center features a different economic activity. The primary population center is Puerto Balleto, the location of the administrative offices and the primary centers of commerce and recreation. It is subdivided into four jefaturas:[15]
- Balleto, 21°38′2″N 106°32′21″W / 21.63389°N 106.53917°W
- Bellavista, 21°38′19″N 106°32′30″W / 21.63861°N 106.54167°W
- Unit Habitacional Miguel Hidalgo (UHMH), 21°38′13″N 106°32′26″W / 21.63694°N 106.54056°W
- Primero de Mayo, 21°38′20″N 106°32′23″W / 21.63889°N 106.53972°W
Weather
editThe mean temperature of island remain between 84 and 89 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the year.[16] In April, May, and June sometimes temperatures cross the limit of thirty-five degrees Celsius. In December, January, and February the temperatures remain under twenty-five degrees. Sometimes the temperature may drop under twenty degrees Celsius. Most of the time weather remains dry but July, August, and September may receive rain up to 10mm. The average wind speed is between twelve and nineteen km/hour. [16] The below chart shows the maximum and minimum temperature.
| Climate data for Puerto Balleto (Isla María Madre) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29 (84) |
29 (84) |
31 (88) |
32 (90) |
34 (93) |
34 (93) |
32 (90) |
31 (88) |
31 (88) |
31 (88) |
31 (88) |
29 (84) |
31 (88) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13 (55) |
14 (57) |
15 (59) |
17 (63) |
19 (66) |
22 (72) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
22 (72) |
18 (64) |
15 (59) |
19 (66) |
| [citation needed] | |||||||||||||
Hurricane Willa
editHurricane Willa passed through the Islas Marias on October 23, 2018. The National Hurricane Center reported at 9 AM MDT "Aircraft finds the core of Willa passing over Las Islas Marias Mexico".[17] A subsequent report from the NHC stated that "Life-threatening storm surge is occurring along the coasts of the Isla Marias'.[18] The NHC also reported that "An automated observing site on Las Islas Marias recently reported a sustained wind of 88 mph (142 km/h) with a gust to 112mph (180 km/h)".[19]
Lighthouse
editThere is a lighthouse located on a ridge above Puerto Balleto on Isla María Madre.[20] The height of tower is two hundred feet or sixty-two meters. The lighthouse main gallery is painted white while the tower of the lighthouse is colored in red and white.[20] The lighthouse is made of concrete and a large single story keeper house is also constructed with the lighthouse. The light house shines two white flashes every 10 seconds. The diameter of the light house is seven meters.[20]
Transportation
editThere is small airfield adjacent to Puerto Balleto on Isla María Madre. The Mexican government opened the Islands to tourism for the first time ever in summer of 2024.[21] The airfield is serviced by a single flight operated by the regional tourism board with weekly flights between Tepic, Nayarit and the islands that started in October 2024. The governments hope is to transform the islands into a new bio-tourism destination.[22]
Prison of Isla Maria
editThe Islas Marías Federal Prison was constructed in 1905,[1] when Porfirio Díaz decreed that these islands would become a penal colony by adding them to the Penal Code and establishing the penalty of expulsion as the legal justification for its operation.[23] One of its more notable prisoners was the Mexican progressive writer Jose Revueltas who wrote his first book Los Muros de Agua (The Walls of Water) while incarcerated there.[24]
The idea of a penal colony in the Marías Islands was not new, as it had been considered by previous governments, such as those of Benito Juárez and Maximilian of Habsburg.[25] However, it was under Porfirio Díaz that the proposal came to fruition, as part of his efforts to implement a penal reform that would guarantee social control, the availability of labour and the protection of foreign investment.
The process of establishing the penal colony came to fruition with the purchase of the archipelago by the government in 1902. Subsequently, in 1905, the Islas Marías were officially declared a penal colony and the penalty of descent was introduced as a form of punishment. The addition to the Penal Code in 1908 detailed aspects of this punishment, establishing two periods and conditions for its application.[26]
The director of the penal colony, Arturo G. Cubillas, played a decisive role in the adaptation and application of the penalty of descent. An administrative structure was set up, which included the General Directorate, Deputy Directorate, Administration, General Services and Security. Two camps were also set up, Balleto and Salinas, where various activities were carried out.[27]
The penitentiary regime at Islas Marías was characterised by a discipline that sought to normalise the behaviour of the inmates. For those who showed good behaviour, there were measures such as pre-release, and those who were released were allowed to stay in the colony. The legal justification for the sentence of descent was based on a progressive approach, similar to that of the Spanish penal system. The Islas Marías penal colony operated until 2010 and was one of the last island penal colonies in Latin America.[28]
In addition to prisoners, on Maria Madre island there were employees of diverse institutions of the federal government, such as the Secretariat of Public Education, the Secretariat of the Environment, the Secretariat of Communications and Transport, post office, and the Secretariat of the Navy.[28] Another group of settlers is made up of religious ministers and acolytes of the Catholic Church, nuns of the Order of Social Service, and invited teachers, technicians and their relatives.[29]
The colony is governed by a state official who is both the governor of the islands and chief judge. The military command is independent and is exercised by an officer of the Mexican Navy.[28]
President of Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced on February 18, 2019, that his administration would close the Islas Marías Federal Prison, replacing it with a new cultural center that will be named for José Revueltas.[30][31]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c "Marías Islands | archipelago, Mexico". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
- ^ a b c Stevenson, Mark (2019-02-18). "Mexico to close infamous island penal colony, region's last". CBS Austin. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "Diego Hurtado de Mendoza". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-10-23.
... hasta descubrir las islas Marías, que Hurtado de Mendoza nombró como islas Magdalenas.
[... until he discovered the Marías Islands, which Hurtado de Mendoza named the Magdalena Islands.] - ^ "Designation of New Biosphere Reserves". UNESCO. 17 June 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
- ^ "Islas María". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2016-06-16. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
- ^ a b "Puerto Balleto (isla María Madre) (Nayarit) San Blas". mexico.PueblosAmerica.com. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "Islas Marias Archipelago, Mexico. A Missing Piece to Reconstruct the Paleoposition of Baja California", Valerie Pompa-Mera, et al, Researchgate, 2011
- ^ "Global Volcanism Program | Isla Isabel". Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "Geology, geochronology, and geochemistry of Isla María Madre, Nayarit, Mexico". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 2013. ISSN 1026-8774 – via Scielo.
- ^ Schaaf, P. E.; Pompa, V.; Hernandez, T.; Weber, B.; Solis, G.; Villanueva, D.; Perez-Venzor, J. (2011-12-01). "Islas Marias Archipelago, Mexico. A Missing Piece to Reconstruct the Paleoposition of Baja California". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2011: T53A–2495.
- ^ "UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory: Islas María". Archived from the original on 2014-12-22.
- ^ Stager, Kenneth E. (1957). "The avifauna of the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico" (PDF). The Auk. 74 (4): 422–423. doi:10.2307/4081741. JSTOR 4081741.
- ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Lacher, T.; Vázquez, E. (2018). "Peromyscus madrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T16671A22361002. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T16671A22361002.en.
- ^ "World Species : Procyon lotor insularis (Tres Marias raccoon)". worldspecies.org. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "Que se lleven a los narcos a las Islas Marías, pide Peña" [Peña calls for drug traffickers to be taken to the Marías Islands]. Cambio en línea. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
- ^ a b "Climate Puerto Balleto (Isla María Madre)". meteoblue. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
- ^ [National Hurricane Center, Hurricane Willa, Public Advisory 14, 9 AM MDT]
- ^ National Hurricane Center, Hurricane Willa, Discussion 15, October 23, 2018, 3 PM MDT
- ^ National Hurricane Center, Hurricane Willa, Advisory 15, October 23, 2018, 3 PM MDT
- ^ a b c Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Mexico: Northwest Coast". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
- ^ "El GACM y Aero Servicios Guerrero inauguran operaciones en las Islas Marías" [GACM and Aero Servicios Guerrero inaugurate operations in the Islas Marías]. América Vuela (in Spanish). 2024-06-17. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "Islas Marías: de prisión de máxima seguridad a centro turístico, así se podrán visitar los "Muros de agua"" [Islas Marías: from maximum security prison to tourist centre, this is how you can visit the "Water Walls".]. infobae (in Spanish). 2021-03-14. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ México, Mario Grimaldo / El Sol de. "Prisión de Las Islas Marías: el reclusorio porfirista que encarceló a vagabundos y homosexuales" [Las Islas Marías Prison: the Porfirian prison that incarcerated vagrants and homosexuals]. El Sol de México | Noticias, Deportes, Gossip, Columnas (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "José Revueltas | Mexican novelist, journalist, poet | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ Demos, Editorial; Alonso, Emir Olivares. "La Jornada - El Presidente, primer húesped del centro turístico instalado en las Islas Marías" [La Jornada - The President, the first guest at the Islas Marías tourist centre]. www.jornada.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "Islas Marías: Reserva de la Biosfera y Patrimonio Natural de la Humanidad" [Islas Marías: Biosphere Reserve and Natural World Heritage Site]. Conservación de islas (in Spanish). 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "Islas Marías: Origen de su diseño urbano-arquitectónico" [Islas Marías: Origin of its urban-architectural design]. www.noroeste.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ a b c Avilés, Evangelina (2020-12-23). "Última colonia penal insular de América Latina: Islas Marías, México (1905-2010)" [Last island penal colony in Latin America: Islas Marías, Mexico (1905-2010)]. Religación (in Spanish). 5 (26): 211–213. doi:10.46652/rgn.v5i26.708. ISSN 2477-9083.
- ^ "After 100 years as a prison, Islas Marías nearly ready as tourist destination". Mexico News Daily. 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
- ^ "Islas Marias once housed Mexico's island prison. Shut down in 2019, it soon will aim to lure tourists". Chicago Sun-Times. 2022-04-12. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
- ^ [San Francisco Chronicle, February 19, 2019, p.A-2]
External links
edit
- Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005, Nayarit INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
- Mexican islands with areas and coordinates
- map of Nayarit State
- Article from Mexico Desconocido Archived 2004-03-17 at the Wayback Machine
- Article from Ocean Dots at the Wayback Machine (archived December 23, 2010)