Manganese nitrides are salts of manganese and the nitride ion. Four of these compounds are stable at atmospheric pressure. The most important is Mn3N2, which catalyzes nitrogen fixation and is a high-temperature antiferromagnet. The others are Mn6N5–6, Mn4N,[1][2] and Mn2N.[3] The compounds generally form as surface layer during combustion of manganese metal in nitrogen or ammonia gas, and homogenous samples can be difficult to obtain.
Formation
editThe compounds generally form from combustion of manganese metal in nitrogen or ammonia gas, but as a passivating surface layer; consequently homogenous samples are difficult to obtain. A sufficiently activated manganese sponge results from distillation of manganese amalgam.[4] As described in 1894, a sponge is essential to Mn2N synthesis:[5] manganese powder, if used instead, instead absorbs excess nitrogen, although the resulting nitrogen-rich salt anneals with manganese metal to the correct stoichiometry.[3]
Alternatively, manganese(II) chloride undergoes a non–self-propagating solid state metathesis with magnesium nitride at 550 °C to form Mn3N2; higher temperatures or differently-sized cations give Mn2N instead.[6] Excess molten sodamide at 240 °C reduces manganese oxides to nitrides, with the final product dependent on stoichiometry, through the following reaction.
- 3 Mn2O3 + 9 NaNH2 → 2 Mn3N2 + 9 NaOH + N2 + 3 NH3
The waste sodium hydroxide selectively dissolves in an aqueous ethanol wash.[7] Manganocene ammonolyzes at 700 °C to give Mn3N2.[8] Manganese azides decompose when heated to give Mn3N2 or Mn6N5–6 and nitrogen gas.[2][9]
Structures and properties
editSeveral manganese nitrides are stable at atmospheric pressure. The most important is Mn3N2, which catalyzes nitrogen fixation and is a high-temperature antiferromagnet.[6] Other salts include Mn6N5–6, Mn4N,[1][2] and Mn2N.[3][10] Splat quenching may also form a metastable Mn8N that decomposes without diffusion.[1] In general, no binary compounds of manganese and nitrogen are known in which manganese exhibits a formal oxidation state higher than Mn2+, but manganese does form a wide variety of homoleptic nitrido complexes and ternary salts, with oxidation states ranging from Mn+ to Mn+6.5; indeed, the stablest homoleptic complex is Li7MnN4.[11]
Except for Mn6N5–6,[9] manganese nitrides are generally stable against hydrolysis, but act as Brønsted bases in concentrated acid.[12]
Nitrogen-doped manganese experiences a slight freezing point depression, with a eutectic point estimated near 1213 °C and 4 at% nitrogen. Further addition of nitrogen increases the melting point to roughly 1270 °C.[1]
Mn4N is an antiperovskite[11] superlattice with Pearson symbol cP5 and space group Fm3m, the same structure as an iron nitride homologue.[1][3] The cell period is 0.3864 nm, and each nitrogen atom is very nearly at the center of the cell.[1] Any defects present are believed to be of Frenkel type.[11] It is the only truly ferromagnetic phase in the manganese-nitride system, with a Curie temperature around 470 °C. However, dissolved hydrogen in the compound is believed to slightly increase the Curie point. The compound metamorphosizes at 890 °C to the hexagonal close-packed Mn2N phase.[1]
Despite the name, Mn2N in fact exhibits substantial variation in its stable composition with temperature, and the formula Mn2N is only accurate near room temperature. It becomes nitrogen-deficient when heated, with composition Mn5–6N above 890 °C. These shifts in composition also correspond to a gradual change in the unit cell, such that the compound has various hexagonal unit cells at high temperatures.[1][11] At its most nitrogen-rich (and coldest), though, the compound has an 0.5668×0.4909×4.537 nm3 orthorhombic unit cell with space group D14
2h. Pbna. It is isostructural with Mo2C.[3][11]
Mn3N2 is face-centered tetragonal, with Pearson symbol tI6 and space group I4/mmm, analogous to thorium hydride.[1] The unit cell has periods a = 0.42046 nm and c = 1.2131 nm, corresponding to three nearly-cubic unit cells stacked atop each other, but with substantial disorder corresponding to nitrogen vacancies.[13] It is a metallic conductor[1] and a Pauli antiferromagnet, with Néel temperature roughly 645 °C.[2] Around 710 °C, it reversibly decomposes to Mn2N, releasing the excess nitrogen as gas[1] and consuming 25 kJ/mol enthalpy.[2] Likewise, it decomposes in a 400 °C hydrogen atmosphere to a body-centered cubic alloy.[14]
Mn6N5–6 resembles CrN.[2] It is face-centered tetragonal like Mn3N2, but lacks the vacancies that cause such a large fineness ratio in the latter. Instead Mn6N5–6 is nearly cubic.[1][2] When nitrogen-poor, it has lattice parameters a = 0.42 nm and c = 0.41 nm,[1] but the unit cell dimensions vary substantially with nitrogen content and temperature, and the material becomes truly cubic at 400 °C. Consequently it exhibits substantial crystal twinning.[2] Around 580 °C, it decomposes to Mn3N2 and nitrogen gas,[1] but requires a very high nitrogen vapor pressure (even at lower temperatures) to stabilize the phase.[1][2] The decomposition is somewhat reversible, recovering Mn6N5.18 upon cooling. Between 150 °C and 325 °C, it undergoes a magnetic phase transition, aligning moments along one symmetry axis; the Néel temperature is then 387 °C.[2]
In principle, a hexagonal MnN monolayer should exhibit very strong spin polarization, thus behaving as a very strong ferromagnet.[15]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Gokcen, N. A. (1990). "The Mn-N (manganese-nitrogen) system". Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams. 11 (1): 33–42. doi:10.1007/bf02841582.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Leineweber, Andreas; Niewa, Rainer; Jacobs, Herbert; Kockelmann, Winfried (26 Oct 2000) [29 Aug 2000]. "The manganese nitrides η-Mn3N2 and θ-Mn6N5+x". Journal of Materials Chemistry (10). Royal Society of Chemistry: 2827–2834. doi:10.1039/B006969H.
- ^ a b c d e Mekata Mamoru; Haruna Junsuke; Takaki Hideo (July 1968) [29 Jan 1968]. "Neutron diffraction study of antiferromagnetic Mn2N". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 23 (1): 234–238. Bibcode:1968JPSJ...25..234M. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.25.234.
- ^ Lihl, Franz; Ettmayer, Peter; Kutzelnigg, Alfred (1962). "Beitrag zum System Mangan-Stickstoff" [Report on the manganese-nitrogen system]. Zeitschrift für Metallkunde (in German). 53 (11). DeGruyter: 715. Bibcode:1962IJMR...53..715L. doi:10.1515/ijmr-1962-531104.
- ^ Prelinger, Otto (10 May 1894). "Über Stickstoffverbindungen des Mangans" [On the nitrogen compounds of manganese] (PDF). Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften (in German): 391–401.
- ^ a b Rognerud, E. G.; Rom, C. L.; Todd, P. K.; Singstock, N. R.; Bartel, C. J.; Holder, A. M.; Neilson, J. R. (2019). "Kinetically-controlled low-temperature solid-state metathesis of manganese nitride Mn3N2". Chemistry of Materials. 31 (18): 7248–7254. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01565. OSTI 1569452.
- ^ Miura Akira; Takei Takahiro; Kumada Nobuhiro (2013) [30 April 2013]. "Low-temperature nitridation of manganese and iron oxides using NaNH2 molten salt". Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (20). American Chemical Society: 11787–11791. doi:10.1021/ic401951u. PMID 24074443.
- ^ Walter, Carsten; Menezes, Prashanth W.; Orthmann, Steven; Schuch, Jona; Connor, Paula; Kaiser, Bernhard; Lerch, Martin; Driess, Matthias (2018). "A molecular approach to manganese nitride acting as a high performance electrocatalyst in the oxygen evolution reaction". Angewandte Chemie. 130 (3): 706–710. Bibcode:2018AngCh.130..706W. doi:10.1002/ange.201710460.
- ^ a b Choi Jonglak; Gillan, Edward G. (2009) [6 Feb 2009]. "Solvothermal metal azide decomposition routes to nanocrystalline metastable nickel, iron, and manganese nitrides". Inorganic Chemistry. 48 (10). American Chemical Society: 4470–4477. doi:10.1021/ic900260u. PMID 19341302.
- ^ Gokcen 1990 labels it as the ζ and ζ′ phases, but does not give a stoichiometry, as discussed below.
- ^ a b c d e Niewa, R. (2002) [21 Aug 2001]. "Nitridocompounds of manganese". Z. Kristallogr. 217. Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag: 8–23. doi:10.1524/zkri.217.1.8.20801.
- ^ Lyutaya, M. D.; Goncharuk, A. B. (March 1977) [July 10, 1974]. "Manganese nitrides". Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya. 171 (3). New York: Plenum: 208–212 [65–70]. doi:10.1007/BF00794089. UDC 621.762.
- ^ Leineweber et al. 2000. Gokcen 1990 gives a much smaller value for a ~0.3 nm).
- ^ Laassiri, Said; Zeinalipour-Yazdi, Constantinos D.; Catlow, C. Richard A.; Hargreaves, Justin S J. (2018) [21 April 2017]. "The potential of manganese nitride based materials as nitrogen transfer reagents for nitrogen chemical looping". Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 223. Elsevier. §3.2.1. Bibcode:2018AppCB.223...60L. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.04.073.
- ^ Xu Zhenming; Zhu Hong (2018). "Two-dimensional manganese nitride monolayer with room temperature rigid ferromagnetism under strain" (PDF). Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 122 (26): 14918–14927. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b02323.