Mehdi Bazargan (Persian: مهدی بازرگان; 1 September 1907 – 20 January 1995) was an Iranian scholar, academic, long-time pro-democracy activist and head of Iran's interim government.
Mehdi Bazargan | |
|---|---|
مهدی بازرگان | |
 Bazargan in 1979 | |
| 41st Prime Minister of Iran | |
| In office 4 February 1979[a] – 6 November 1979 | |
| Appointed by | Ruhollah Khomeini |
| Preceded by | Shapour Bakhtiar |
| Succeeded by | Mohammad-Ali Rajai (1980) |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs Acting | |
| In office 1 April 1979 – 12 April 1979 | |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Karim Sanjabi |
| Succeeded by | Ebrahim Yazdi |
| Member of the Parliament of Iran | |
| In office 28 May 1980 – 28 May 1984 | |
| Constituency | Tehran, Rey and Shemiranat |
| Majority | 1,447,316 (68%) |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mehdi Bazargan 1 September 1907 Tehran, Sublime State of Persia |
| Died | 20 January 1995 (aged 87) Zürich, Switzerland |
| Resting place | Qom, Iran |
| Nationality | Iranian |
| Political party |
|
| Other political affiliations | |
| Spouse | Malak Tabatabai |
| Children | 5, including Abdolali |
| Alma mater | |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Iran |
| Years of service | 1935–1937 |
| |
One of the leading figures of Iranian Revolution of 1979, he was appointed prime minister in February 1979 by Ayatollah Khomeini, making him Iran's first prime minister after the revolution. He resigned his position in November of the same year, in protest at the takeover of the U.S. Embassy in Iran and as an acknowledgement of his government's failure in preventing it.[5]
He was the head of the first engineering department of University of Tehran.
Early life and education
edit
Bazargan was born into an Azerbaijani family[6][7] in Tehran on 1 September 1907.[8][9] His father, Hajj Abbasqoli Tabrizi (died 1954) was a self-made merchant and a religious activist in bazaar guilds.[8]
Bazargan went to France to receive university education through an Iranian government scholarship during the reign of Reza Shah.[10] He attended Lycée Georges Clemenceau in Nantes and was a classmate of Abdollah Riazi. Bazargan then studied thermodynamics and engineering at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures (École Centrale Paris).[11][12][13]
Following his return to Iran, Bazargan was called up for conscription, and served from 1935 to 1937.[14] According to Houchang Chehabi, Bazargan was firstly tasked with shifting pebbles in a barracks but was then moved to translate technical articles from French.[15]
Career
editAfter his graduation, Bazargan became the head of the first engineering department at Tehran University in the late 1940s. He was a deputy minister under Premier Mohammad Mosaddegh in the 1950s.[16] Bazargan served as the first Iranian head of the National Iranian Oil Company under the administration of Prime Minister Mosaddegh.[17]
Bazargan co-founded the Liberation Movement of Iran in 1961,[16] a party similar in its program to Mossadegh's National Front. Although he accepted the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, as the legitimate head of state, he was jailed several times on political grounds. A strong admirer of Mahatma Gandhi, he praised Mahatma Gandhi's ideas and the Indian independence movement in his writings in jail as an ideal example for Iranians.[18][19]
Iranian Revolution
editOn 4 February 1979, Bazargan was appointed prime minister of Iran by Ayatollah Khomeini.[20][21] He was seen as one of the democratic and liberal figureheads of the revolution who came into conflict with the more radical religious leaders – including Khomeini himself – as the revolution progressed. Although pious, Bazargan initially disputed the name Islamic Republic, wanting an Islamic Democratic Republic.[22] He had also been a supporter of the original (non-theocratic) revolutionary draft constitution, and opposed the Assembly of Experts for Constitution and the constitution they wrote that was eventually adopted as Iran's constitution. Seeing his government's lack of power, in March 1979, he submitted his resignation to Ayatollah Khomeini.[23] Khomeini did not accept his resignation,[23] and in April 1979, he and his cabinet members were reported to have escaped an assassination attempt.[24]
Bazargan resigned, along with his cabinet, on 4 November 1979, following the taking of hostages at the U.S. Embassy.[5][25] His resignation was considered a protest against the hostage-taking and a recognition of his government's inability to free the hostages, but it was also clear that his hopes for liberal democracy and an accommodation with the West would not prevail.
Bazargan continued in Iranian politics as a member of the first Parliament (Majles) of the newly formed Islamic Republic. He openly opposed Iran's cultural revolution and continued to advocate civil rule and democracy. In November 1982, he expressed his frustration with the direction the Islamic Revolution had taken in an open letter to the then speaker of parliament Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.
The government has created an atmosphere of terror, fear, revenge and national disintegration. ... What has the ruling elite done in nearly four years, besides bringing death and destruction, packing the prisons and the cemeteries in every city, creating long queues, shortages, high prices, unemployment, poverty, homeless people, repetitious slogans and a dark future?[26]
His term as a member of parliament lasted until 1984.[7] During his term, he served as a lawmaker of the Iran Freedom Movement, which he had founded in 1961, and which was abolished in 1990.[7] In 1985, the Council of Guardians denied Bazargan's petition to run for president.
Views
editBazargan is a respected figure within the ranks of modern Muslim thinkers, known as a representative of liberal-democratic Islamic thought[27] and a thinker who emphasized the necessity of constitutional and democratic policies.[28] In the immediate aftermath of the revolution Bazargan led a faction that opposed the Revolutionary Council dominated by the Islamic Republican Party and personalities such as Ayatollah Mohammad Hossein Beheshti.[29] He opposed the continuation of the Iran–Iraq War and the involvement of Islamists in all aspects of politics, economy and society. Consequently, he faced harassment from militants and young revolutionaries within Iran.[30]
Attacks
editDuring the Pahlavi era, Bazargan's house in Tehran was bombed on 8 April 1978.[31] The underground committee for revenge, a reputed state-financed organization, proclaimed the responsibility of the bombing.[31]
Laws of social evolution
editBazargan is known for some of the earliest work in human thermodynamics, as found in his 1946 chapter "A Physiological Analysis of Human Thermodynamics" and his 1956 book Love and Worship: Human Thermodynamics, the latter of which being written while in prison, in which he attempted to show that religion and worship are a byproduct of evolution, as explained in English naturalist Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859), and that the true laws of society are based on the laws of thermodynamics.
Death
editBazargan died of a heart attack on 20 January 1995 at a hospital in Zurich, Switzerland after collapsing at the airport.[7] He was travelling to the United States for heart surgery.[7]
Personal life
editBazargan married Malak Tabatabai in 1939.[8] They had five children, two sons and three daughters.[8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 190–191. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
- ^ Afshari, Reza (2011), Human Rights in Iran: The Abuse of Cultural Relativism, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 358, ISBN 9780812201055
- ^ Bahman Bakhtiari (1996). Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics. University Press of Florida. p. 69. ISBN 0813014611.
- ^ Chehabi, Houchang (1995). "A Knife Without a Blade". Between States: Interim Governments in Democratic Transitions. Cambridge University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-521-48498-5.
- ^ a b Godsel, Geoffrey (9 November 1979). "Bazargan resignation increases Iran risks to American hostages". The Deseret News. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
- ^ The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay?, Crawford Young, p. 127, 1993
- ^ a b c d e "Mehdi Bazargan, Former Iran Premier, Dies". The New York Times. 21 January 1995. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d Barzin, Saeed (21 January 1995). "Mehdi Bazargan". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
- ^ Biography: Mehdi Bazargan BBC Persian 2009
- ^ Vakili Zad, Cyrus (Spring 1990). "Organization, Leadership and Revolution: Religiously-Oriented Opposition in the Iranian Revolution of 1978–1979". Conflict Quarterly: 5–25. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
- ^ Sahimi, Muhammad (6 August 2009). "If I Confess..." Tehran Bureau via PBS. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ Boroujerdi, Mehrzad (1996). Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism. Syracuse University Press. p. 190. ISBN 9780815604334. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ "Mehdi Bazargan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ Dabashi, Hamid (2006). Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Transaction Publishers. p. 327. ISBN 1-4128-0516-3.
- ^ Chehabi, Houchang Esfandiar (1986). Modernist Shi'ism and Politics: The Liberation Movement of Iran (PhD Dissertation). Vol. I/II. Yale University. p. 204. ASIN B0007CAVDC.
- ^ a b "Iran's Political Elite". United States Institute of Peace. 11 October 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ Kinzer, Stephen (2003). All the Shah's men: an American coup and the roots of Middle East terror. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0471265179.
- ^ Reframing the Implications of Knowledge of History, Philosophy and Socio-political Science in the Prospect of Democratisation in Iran (PDF). Griffith University. p. 222.
- ^ Dabashi, H. (2012). Shi'ism: A Religion of Protest. Harvard University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-674-05875-0.
- ^ Martin, Richard C., ed. (2003). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 106. ISBN 9780028656045.
- ^ Nikou, Semira N. "Timeline of Iran's Political Events". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). History of Modern Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521821391.
- ^ a b "Bazargan talked out of resigning". The Palm Beach Post. Tehran. 10 March 1979. Retrieved 9 November 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Branigin, William (25 April 1979). "Reports of Attack on Prime Minister Set Tehran on Edge". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
- ^ Rakel, Eva Patricia (2008). The Iranian Political elite, state and society relations, and foreign relations since the Islamic revolution. University of Amsterdam.
- ^ "Khomenin's grip appears at its tightest". The New York Times. 21 November 1982.
- ^ Mahdavi, Mojtaba (2004). "Islamic Forces of the Iranian Revolution: A Critique of Cultural Essentialism". Iran Analysis Quarterly. 2 (2). Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2007.
- ^ Barzin, Saeed (1994). "Constitutionalism and Democracy in the Religious Ideology of Mehdi Bazargan". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 21 (1): 85–101. doi:10.1080/13530199408705593. JSTOR 195568.
- ^ Behrooz, Maziar (October 1994). "Factionalism in Iran under Khomeini". Middle Eastern Studies. 27 (4): 597–614. doi:10.1080/00263209108700879. JSTOR 4283464.
- ^ Leicht, Justus (20 November 2001). "Mass trial of opposition group in Iran". World Socialist Website.
- ^ a b Nikazmerad, Nicholas M. (1980). "A Chronological Survey of the Iranian Revolution". Iranian Studies. 13 (1/4): 327–368. doi:10.1080/00210868008701575. JSTOR 4310346.
Further reading
edit- Jahanbakhsh, Forough (2011). "Bāzargān, Mahdī". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
External links
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