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Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations

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Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations are the bilateral relations between the Republic of Bulgaria and the Republic of North Macedonia. Both countries are members of the Council of Europe, and NATO. Bulgaria is a member of the European Union. Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of its neighbour in 1992. Both states signed a friendship treaty in 2017. North Macedonia has been attempting to join the EU since 2004, while EU governments officially gave their permissions to enter accession talks in March 2020. Nevertheless, North Macedonia and Bulgaria have complicated neighborly relations, thus the Bulgarian factor is known in Macedonian politics as "B-complex".[1]

Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations
Map indicating locations of Bulgaria and North Macedonia

Bulgaria
North Macedonia

In 2020, Bulgaria offered a compromise and agreed to recognize the Macedonian language and national identity if North Macedonia would recognize both nations and languages have common historical roots. This proposal was rejected by North Macedonia as threatening. The acknowledgement of Bulgarian influence on the Macedonian history is highly problematic for many Macedonians, because it clashes with the post-WWII Yugoslav Macedonian nation-building narrative, which was based on a deeply anti-Bulgarian stance. Another revisionist strand of the Macedonian historiography is that their national history had already been taken earlier by the Bulgarian national historiography.[2] The resurgence of Bulgarian irredentism due to the deepening of chauvinism and national historical myths in post-Communist Bulgaria has awarded Macedonia a place in Bulgarian nationalism akin to that of Kosovo in Serbian ideology, as Bulgarians are frustrated with the existence of a Macedonian nation, which they consider "artificial", and of a Macedonian language, which they consider a dialect of Bulgarian.[3]

History

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See also: Political views on the Macedonian language, Macedonian historiography, Macedonism, Greater Bulgaria, and Macedonian Bulgarians

Background

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On January 15, 1992, Bulgaria was the first country to recognize the independence of the then-Republic of Macedonia.[4] Bulgaria has however refused to recognize the existence of a separate ethnic Macedonian nation[5][6][7] and a separate Macedonian language. It argues that the ethnic Macedonians are a subgroup of the Bulgarian nation,[8][9][10] and that the Macedonian language is a Bulgarian dialect.[11][12] [13] This leads to some complications when signing treaties between the two countries. Such treaties are signed with this long phrase at the end: "done in the official languages of the two states—the Bulgarian language, according to the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, and the Macedonian language, according to the Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia".[14] On the other hand, Skopje insists on the presence of a Macedonian community in Bulgaria, with some circles stating 750,000 'ethnic Macedonians' there[15] and treats as "ethnic Macedonians" a number of figures from Bulgarian history from the region during the period from the 9th century to the end of the Second World War. North Macedonia has developed its relations with Bulgaria in the political, economic, and military spheres. The governments of the two countries have worked to improve business relations. Bulgaria has also donated tanks, artillery, and other military technology to the Army of North Macedonia. The rules governing good neighbourly relations agreed between Bulgaria and North Macedonia were set in the Joint Declaration of February 22, 1999 reaffirmed by a joint memorandum signed on January 22, 2008, in Sofia.[16]

Reacting to the publication of a controversial encyclopedia by the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (MANU) in 2009, Bulgaria warned that "it is unacceptable for a country aspirant for NATO and EU membership to resort to terminology typical for the ideology of the Cold War era," and that the encyclopedia "gives no contribution to the strengthening of the neighborly relations and curbing down of 'hate speech'."[17][18][19][20][21] In connection with the administrative, police and other types of pressure allegedly being exercised on citizens of Bulgaria and citizens of North Macedonia with Bulgarian self-identification in North Macedonia, on August 4, 2009, the Bulgarian Foreign Ministry declared that "Bulgaria will examine the approach of the Macedonian side in such cases as one of the criteria on the basis of which to assess the country's readiness to make the changes that would allow the European integration of the Republic of North Macedonia."[22] Bulgaria has proposed to sign a treaty (based on that 1999 Joint Declaration) guaranteeing the good neighbourly relations between the two countries, in order to enable Bulgarian support for the accession of North Macedonia to the European Union.[23][24] During the last few years, thousands of citizens of North Macedonia have applied for Bulgarian citizenship (amongst them North Macedonia's former PM Ljubco Georgievski[25]), with more than 90,000 having already received Bulgarian passports. In order to obtain the passport, the citizens of North Macedonia who apply for Bulgarian citizenship must prove that they have Bulgarian origins and a Bulgarian national consciousness. Between January 1 to November 18, 2011, the Bulgarian Council for citizenship considered 22,241 applications for citizenship, of which 13,607 were approved.[26][27][28]

Friendship treaty and beyond

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The Governments of Bulgaria and North Macedonia signed a friendship treaty to bolster the relations between the two Balkan states on 1 August, 2017.[29] The so-called Treaty of Friendship, Good-Neighbourliness and Cooperation was ratified by the Parliaments of the Republic of North Macedonia and Bulgaria on 15 and 18 January 2018, respectively.[30] A joint commission on historical and educational issues was formed in 2018 to serve as a forum where controversial, historical and educational issues could be raised and discussed. According to the reports, this commission has made little progress in its work for a period of one year.[31]

In October 2019, Bulgaria set out a "framework position", warning that it would block the EU accession process unless North Macedonia fulfilled a number of demands regarding what Bulgaria perceived as "anti-Bulgarian ideology" in the country.[32] In October 2020, Bulgaria offered a compromise and agreed to recognize the Macedonian language and Macedonian identity if North Macedonia recognizes that they historically had Bulgarian roots. Foreign Minister Ekaterina Zaharieva said that "just as we are ready to acknowledge the reality, so they must acknowledge the past."[33] 30 Bulgarian historians, scholars and professors published a letter opposing the memorandum sent by the Bulgarian government to EU member states, in which they argued that Macedonian ethnogenesis is similar to that of other nations and rejected its presentation as a product of "Yugoslav propaganda" along with the official Bulgarian interpretation of a common Bulgaro-Macedonian history as unilaterally Bulgarian.[34] The Bulgarian proposal was rejected by North Macedonia. Macedonian President Pendarovski and Prime Minister Zaev announced that they were neither negotiating nor would ever negotiate whether the Macedonian language and identity were related historically to Bulgaria.[35] As a result, on November 17, 2020, Bulgaria refused to approve the European Union's negotiation framework for North Macedonia, effectively blocking the official start of accession talks with this country.[36] Germany and the EU institutions criticized Sofia's unconstructive behavior.[37] According to Polish political scientist Tomasz Kamusella, Bulgaria's EU membership should not be weaponized as an instrument of pressure on EU candidate states to spread Bulgarian ethnopolitical influence across the region, from Moldova to North Macedonia and Albania.[38]

In an interview with Bulgarian media in November 2020, Prime Minister Zoran Zaev acknowledged many historical facts about the common history of both peoples that have been altered and concealed for decades in North Macedonia.[39] The interview sparked controversy and was followed by a wave of nationalism in Skopje,[40] as well by protests demanding Zaev's resignation.[41] According to the opinion of the former Macedonian Prime Minister Ljubčo Georgievski, who insists on the Bulgarian roots of the Macedonians, these reactions were the result of ignorance, hypocrisy or politicking.[42] He noted that the “deep state” in North Macedonia disrupted the normal relations between the two countries. It built hatred and enmity towards Bulgaria. On the other hand, another former Prime Minister Vlado Buckovski, who was appointed as Zaev's envoy to Bulgaria, also had strong pro-Bulgarian positions and claims Macedonians and Bulgarians were a single people, separated intentionally by the Yugoslav policy during the 20th century. Expressions of anti-Bulgarian sentiment remain a serious concern with the repeated burning of Bulgarian flags.[43][44] These actions have been condemned strongly by Stevo Pendarovski, President of North Macedonia, and by Ekaterina Zakharieva, Foreign Minister of Bulgaria.[45] In late March 2021, a scandal erupted in Bulgaria after it was discovered that the Macedonian government under Zoran Zaev had been funding an institute called the International Institute for Middle East and Balkan Studies (IFIMES) between 2017 and 2020.[46][47] IFIMES published a number of articles that described Bulgaria and Germany as “mafia states interested in Nazism”.[46][47] This was perceived in Bulgaria as a defamation campaign funded by North Macedonia in order to discredit Bulgaria in front of its EU partners.[48][49] The government of North Macedonia has denied these claims by the Bulgarian side.[50] On 24 January, 2022, the two new prime ministers, Kiril Petkov of Bulgaria and Dimitar Kovačevski of North Macedonia, met in Skopje, seeking to improve relations talks and discussing EU negotiations and other issues to resolve.[51] On 24 June 2022, under heavy EU pressure, Bulgaria's parliament approved the lifting of the country's veto on opening EU accession talks with North Macedonia.[52]

Resident diplomatic missions

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  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Skopje and consulate-general in Bitola.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Sofia.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Kyril Drezov, Bulgaria and Macedonia: Voluntary Dependence on External Actors in Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe Volume 2: International and Transnational Factors with Jan Zielonka and Alex Pravda as ed., Oxford University Press, 2001; ISBN 0199241686, pp. 413-414.
  2. ^ Paul Reef, Macedonian Monument Culture Beyond 'Skopje 2014'. From the journal Comparative Southeast European Studies. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2018-0037
  3. ^ Marinov, Tchavdar (2011). "National Myths in Post-Communist Bulgaria and Their Criticism" (PDF). Euxeinos (2): 7–8.
  4. ^ Republic of Macedonia, bilateral cooperation. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria, official website, September 10, 2011.
  5. ^ Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria, Author Stefanos Katsikas, Publisher I.B.Tauris, 2012, ISBN 1845118855, p. 163.
  6. ^ Who are the Macedonians? Author Hugh Poulton, Publisher C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1850655340, p. 214.
  7. ^ Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, Authors Richard Crampton, Benjamin Crampton, Publisher Routledge, 2016, ISBN 1317799526, p. 233.
  8. ^ Aspen Institute Prague, 1/2016, Between Skopje and Sofia, Jan Muś. The agreement on Good Neighborly Relations between Bulgaria and Macedonia faces serious difficulties related to the crucial issue of nationality.
  9. ^ The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, Author T. Kamusella, Contributor Peter Burke, Publisher Springer, 2008, ISBN 0230583474, p. 253.
  10. ^ Macedonia, Bradt Travel Guide, Authors Thammy Evans, Rudolf Abraham, 2015, ISBN 1841628581, p. 42.
  11. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica-online, Bulgaria, transition period, Loring Danforth.
  12. ^ The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination, Macedonia, Author: Jenny Engstrom.
  13. ^ Marinov, Tchavdar (2013). "In Defense of the Native Tongue: The Standardization of the Macedonian Language and the Bulgarian-Macedonian Linguistic Controversies". In Daskalov, Roumen; Marinov, Tchavdar (eds.). Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One National Ideologies and Language Policies. Leiden / Boston: Brill. p. 420. Consequently, the Bulgarian anticommunist president and government started repeating scholarly clichés firmly established during the nationalist-communist regime of Todor Zhivkov.
  14. ^ Agreement of free trade between the Republic of Macedonia and the Republic of Bulgaria Archived 2018-01-18 at the Wayback Machine, Stability Pact for Southeast Europe, Retrieved on 2012-02-29.
  15. ^ Macedonia's Latest Propaganda Spree Invents 750 000 'Macedonians' in Bulgaria. 16, 2011, Novinite.com.
  16. ^ Bulgarian Policies on the Republic of Macedonia: Recommendations on the development of good neighbourly relations following Bulgaria’s accession to the EU and in the context of NATO and EU enlargement in the Western Balkans. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2008. 80 pp. (Trilingual publication in Bulgarian, Macedonian and English) ISBN 978-954-92032-2-6
  17. ^ Bulgaria joins growing criticism of Macedonian Encyclopedia. Independent News Agency Makfax, September 24, 2009.
  18. ^ Kosovo Slams Macedonia Over Encyclopaedia. BalkanInsight.com, September 22, 2009.
  19. ^ Macedonian Encyclopaedia To Be Changed. Eurasia Press and News, September 24, 2009.
  20. ^ FYRMacedonia: "Macedonian Encyclopedia" withdrawn Archived 2012-02-17 at the Wayback Machine. EMportal, September 26, 2009.
  21. ^ Macedonia embroiled in encyclopaedia row Archived 2017-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. Euractiv, October 13, 2009.
  22. ^ Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Official website, August 4, 2009.
  23. ^ Bulgaria's Position Concerning Macedonia Unchanged – Kalfin. The Sofia Echo, July 31, 2006.
  24. ^ Bulgaria Treaty Proposal Called 'Indecent'. BalkanInsight, March 17, 2010.
  25. ^ Macedonia’s Former PM Ljubco Georgievski Received Bulgarian Citizenship, Macedonian News, July 16, 2006
  26. ^ Како преку ноќ се станува Бугарин, Утрински весник, December 22, 2011
  27. ^ Македонци на брза лента за бугарски пасош[permanent dead link‍], Утрински весник, December 23, 2011
  28. ^ Macedonia Suffers from 'Bulgarian Citizenship Syndrome', Sofia News Agency
  29. ^ "Bulgaria pledges to champion Macedonia's EU and NATO dreams". 2 August 2017.
  30. ^ "Macedonian Parliament Ratifies The Declaration of Cooperation With Bulgaria". Archived from the original on 2018-01-15. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  31. ^ Georgi Gotev, Borissov warns North Macedonia against stealing Bulgarian history. EURACTIV.com. Jun 20, 2019.
  32. ^ Sinisa Jakov Marusic, Bulgaria Sets Tough Terms for North Macedonia’s EU Progress Skopje. BIRN; October 10, 2019. Archived 11 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Бартер със Скопие - минало за настояще, в-к Труд, 29.10.2020 г.
  34. ^ "Bulgarian historians oppose Bulgaria's policy towards Macedonia". Republika English. 2020-10-05. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
  35. ^ България признава македонския език и идентичност. Компромисът е македонците да признаят, че историческите им основи са български, но те се дърпат. в-к Сега, 29 Окт. 2020 г.
  36. ^ Bulgaria blocks EU accession talks with North Macedonia. Nov 17, 2020, National post.
  37. ^ Andrew Rettman (9 December 2020). "Germany apologises to Skopje for Bulgaria fiasco". euobserver.com.
  38. ^ Tomasz Kamusella. 2021. Bulgaria’s Secret Empire: An Ultimatum to North Macedonia (pp 155-212). Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies. No. 6.
  39. ^ Зоран Заев: Договорът с България ще бъде закон. Меdiapool публикува интервюто на Любчо Нешков, собственик на информационната агенция БГНЕС. 25 November, 2020; Mediapool.bg.
  40. ^ Sinisa Jakov Marusic, North Macedonia PM’s Remarks About History Hit a Nerve. BIRN, November 26, 2020.
  41. ^ VMRO-DPMNE leader Mickoski demands PM Zaev's resignation, announces more protests. MIA, 26 November 2020 Archived 19 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  42. ^ Любчо Георгиевски: Хората са шокирани от Заев, защото не познават миналото. Епицентър, 28 ноем. 2020.
  43. ^ "Skopje condemns a video with a burning Bulgarian flag". bnr.bg. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
  44. ^ Öztürk, Talha (15 January 2021). "North Macedonia condemns burning of Bulgarian flag". Anadolu Agency.
  45. ^ Georgievski, Nenad. "Macedonian President Pendarovski and the Foreign Affairs Ministry condemned the burning of the Bulgarian flag at the Vevchani Carnival | Meta.mk". Retrieved 2021-01-16.
  46. ^ a b "Latest publication by Slovenian IFIMES rekindles tensions between Bulgaria and North Macedonia". Independent Balkan News Agency. 2021-03-29. Archived from the original on 2021-04-26. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
  47. ^ a b Nikolov, Krassen (2021-03-29). "Sofia suspects Skopje for anti-Bulgarian PR". www.euractiv.com. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
  48. ^ "Захариева: Очакваме отговор от РСМ за клеветническата кампания срещу България". БГНЕС (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 2021-04-26.
  49. ^ "Zaev's Advisers Call Bulgaria And Germany Mafia States As Well As Fans of Nazism". Bulgaria Business Insider. 2021-03-26. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
  50. ^ "Владата демантира каква било поврзаност со анализите на ИФИМЕС за Бугарија".
  51. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "New prime ministers reboot Bulgaria-North Macedonia relations | DW | 24.01.2022". DW.COM. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  52. ^ "Bulgarian parliament votes to lift veto on EU accession talks with North Macedonia". France 24. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
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