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M114 155 mm howitzer

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The M114 is a towed howitzer developed and used by the United States Army. It was first produced in 1942 as a medium artillery piece under the designation of 155 mm Howitzer M1. It saw service with the US Army during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, before being replaced by the M198 howitzer.

M114
TypeHowitzer
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service1942–present
Used bySee operators
Wars
List of Conflicts
Production history
Designed1939–1941
ManufacturerRock Island Arsenal (U.S.)
Produced1941–1953 (U.S.)[1]
No. built10,300 (U.S.)[1]
VariantsSee variants
Specifications
MassTravel: 5,800 kg (12,800 lb)
Combat: 5,600 kg (12,300 lb)
LengthTravel: 7.315 m (20 ft)
Barrel lengthBore: 3.564 m (11 ft 8 in) L/23
Overall: 3.79 m (12 ft 5 in) L/24.5
WidthTravel: 2.438 m (8 ft)
HeightTravel: 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)
Crew11
ShellSeparate-loading bagged charge
Caliber155 mm (6.1 in)
BreechSlow-cone interrupted screw
RecoilHydro-pneumatic
CarriageSplit trail
Elevation−2°/+63°
Traverse25° left or right
Rate of fireburst: 4 rpm
sustained: 40 rph
Muzzle velocity563 m/s (1,847 ft/s)
Maximum firing range14,600 m (16,000 yd)

The gun was also used by the armed forces of many nations. The M114A1 remains in service in some countries.

Development

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155 mm howitzer M1920

After the end of the First World War a board later labeled the Westervelt Board was convened to assess the artillery experience of the combatant powers and map out future directions for the US Army artillery. The conclusion of the board vis-a-vis corps (heavy field) artillery was that an ideal heavy howitzer should have range of at least 16,000 yards (15 km) and allow the elevation of 65°[2] (as opposed to the existing World War I-era M-1918 155 mm howitzers, a license-built French Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider, 11.5 km and +42° 20' respectively). Board also recommended that the new 155-mm howitzer and the new 4.7-inch (120 mm) gun share all the carriage, even if it compromises both designs.

The M1920 carriage resulting from this requirements was of the split-trail type with pneumatic equilibrators, permitting a total traverse of 60°.[2] Unfortunately, it "gave considerable trouble due to the persistent failure of the top carriage" on the firing tests.[3] In 1923–1925 the design was modified with the top carriage reinforced, with the result standardized as M1925.[3] However, it was never built in steel, because after the evaluation of a wooden model the project was abandoned.[3] Instead, two new carriages were developed and built in the following years, which were designated T1 (photos) and T1E1.[3] All of them had the same ballistics (perhaps even the same gun body), with maximal range of 16,390 yards (14.99 km), and were undergoing tests in early 1930s.[3] By 1934, the US Army was concerned about the arising high-speed towing requirements not satisfied by the plain bearings and solid rubber ties.[4]

In 1939 the development began anew,[5] by spring 1941 the first specimen was ready to be test-fired and immediately after passing them[6] it was standardized on 15 May 1941 as Howitzer M1 on the Carriage M1. The howitzer itself differed from the older model by a lengthened barrel of 20 calibers and a new breech mechanism. Uniquely it was the sole 'slow-cone' interrupted screw mechanism to enter US service after 1920.[5]

After World War II, it was redesignated as the Howitzer, Medium, Towed: 155 mm, M114, with the complete system composed of the cannon (M1 or M1A1), carriage (M1A1), and recoil system (M6, M6A1, M6B1 or M6B2).[7]

Variants

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  • M114A1 − Identical to the M114, but with a M1A2 carriage.[7]
  • M114A2 − Similar to the M114A1, but with a slightly longer barrel. Its main distinguishing feature is a groove cut around the barrel about 2.0–2.8 inches (50–70 mm) from the end. The bore of the M114A2 have a 1 in 20 twist instead of the 1 in 12 used in earlier models, extending the range of the projectiles. In 1997, the United States supplied Bosnia-Herzegovina with 116 ex-US Army M114A2s while an additional 145 were earmarked for spare parts.[7]
  • M114/39 (Netherlands) − Dutch modernization by RDM Technology, it features a 155 mm 39 caliber barrel supplied by Bofors (now BAE Systems) amongst other upgrades. 96 M114s were modernized for Denmark, 82 for the Netherlands, and 48 for Norway.[7]
  • M114/39 (France) − French modernization package by Giat Industries, it included the installation of a 155 mm 39 caliber barrel. It was never sold.[7]
  • M114S − Israeli modernization package by Soltam Systems, the M114S features a 155 mm 33 caliber barrel, allowing a standard 155 mm M107 HE projectile to be fired to a maximum distance of 20,000 yards (18,300 m); a muzzle brake in the barrel, a pneumatic ramming system for the loader, improved mounts and fixtures, and an optional telescopic sight for direct fire. One prototype was built, but wasn't adopted by the Israeli Defense Forces or exported.[8]
  • KH179[9] −
    Main article: KH179
  • 155 mm Howitzer M65 − Yugoslav copy of the M114A1, which was also used by the Yugoslav People's Army. Its virtually identical to the original, with a few minor differences. The M65 fires the standard American M107 HE shell. For training the M65 can be fitted with a 20 mm sub-caliber barrel insert.[10] It was built only in small numbers.[7]

Carriage variants

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The carriage was also used by the 4.5-inch gun M1. It went through a number of minor changes over time. The original Warner electric brakes were replaced by Westinghouse air brakes on the M1A1. Both the M1 and M1A1 carriages used a mid-axle firing pedestal that was extended by a ratchet mechanism. The M1A2 replaced the ratchet with a screw-jack system and also modified the traveling lock. The M1A1E1 carriage was intended for use in jungle and muddy terrain and replaced the wheels of the M1A1 with a free-wheeling tracked suspension, but the project was terminated after V-J day without having reached production. The T-9 and T-10 carriages were projects using low-grade steel alloys that were canceled when no longer needed. The T-16 was a light-weight carriage using high-grade steel that was estimated to save some 1,200 lb (540 kg); work began in July 1945 and continued after the war, although nothing seems to have come from it.[5]

A mid-1960s variant was the 155mm XM123 & M123A1 auxiliary-propelled howitzers. The XM123 was produced by American Machine and Foundry and outfitted with two 20 horsepower air-cooled engines produced by Consolidated Diesel Corporation, driver's seat, steering wheel, and guide wheel on the left trail, allowing it to be more rapidly emplaced when detached from the prime mover, while the XM123A1 provided a single 20 horsepower motor with electric steering. The extra weight on the left trail displaced the howitzer after each round was fired, requiring it to be realigned, and the project was abandoned. The concept was copied from the Soviet 85mm SD-44 auxiliary-propelled antitank gun developed in 1954 and used by airborne forces.[citation needed]

 
Front view of an XM123 medium auxiliary propelled 155 mm howitzer at the Rock Island Arsenal Museum
 
XM123 medium auxiliary propelled 155 mm howitzer seat and power unit at the Rock Island Arsenal Museum

Self-propelled mounts

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The howitzer was experimentally mounted on a lengthened chassis of the M5 light tank. The resulting vehicle received the designation 155 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T64. A single prototype was built before the T64 project was abandoned in favor of T64E1, based on the M24 Chaffee light tank chassis. This was eventually adopted as the M41 Howitzer Motor Carriage and saw action in the Korean War.[11] Towards the end of the Korean War the US Army replaced the M41 self-propelled howitzer with the M44 self-propelled howitzer.[citation needed]

Ammunition

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The gun fires separate-loading, bagged charge ammunition, with up to seven different propelling charges, from 1 (the smallest) to 7 (the largest). Muzzle velocity, range and penetration in the tables below are for maximum charge in form of complete M4A1 propelling charge.

 
155 mm howitzer M-114 at the U.S. Army Field Artillery Museum, Ft. Sill, Oklahoma
Propelling charges[12]
Model Weight Components
M3 2.69 kg (5 lb 15 oz) Base charge and four incremental charges (for charges 1 to 5)
M4 6.29 kg (13 lb 14 oz) Base charge and two incremental charges (for charges 5 to 7)
M4A1 6.31 kg (13 lb 15 oz) Base charge and four incremental charges (for charges 3 to 7)
Mk I Dummy 3.63 kg (8 lb) Base charge and six incremental charges
M2 Dummy 3.34 kg (7 lb 6 oz) Base charge and six incremental charges
 
Projectiles[12][13]
Type Model Weight Filler Muzzle velocity Range
HE HE M102 Shell 43.13 kg (100 lb) TNT, 7.06 kg (15 lb 9 oz)
HE HE M107 Shell 43 kg (90 lb) TNT, 6.86 kg (15 lb 2 oz) 564 m/s (1,850 ft/s) 14,955 m (16,355 yd)
Smoke FS M105 Shell 45.14 kg (100 lb) Sulfur trioxide in Chlorosulfonic acid, 7.67 kg (16 lb 15 oz)
Smoke WP M105 Shell 44.55 kg (100 lb) White phosphorus (WP), 7.08 kg (15 lb 10 oz)
Smoke FS M110 Shell 45.45 kg (100 lb) Sulfur trioxide in Chlorosulfonic acid, 7.67 kg (16 lb 15 oz)
Smoke WP M110 Shell 44.63 kg (100 lb) White phosphorus (WP), 7.08 kg (15 lb 10 oz)
Smoke, colored BE M116 Shell 39.21 kg (90 lb) Smoke mixture, 7.8 kg (17 lb 3 oz)
Smoke HC BE M116 Shell 43.14 kg (100 lb) Zinc chloride (HC), 11.7 kg (25 lb 13 oz) 564 m/s (1,850 ft/s) 14,955 m (16,355 yd)
Chemical CNS M110 Shell 44.05 kg (100 lb) Chloroacetophenone (CN), 6.26 kg (13 lb 13 oz)
Chemical H M110 Shell 43.09 kg (90 lb) Mustard gas, 5.02 kg (11 lb 1 oz) 564 m/s (1,850 ft/s) 14,972 m (16,374 yd)
Nuclear W48 Shell 54 kg (100 lb) Nuclear, 72 tonnes of TNT (300 GJ) equivalent 564 m/s (1,850 ft/s) 14,972 m (16,374 yd)
Illumination Illuminating M118 Shell 46.77 kg (100 lb) Illuminant candles, 4.02 kg (8 lb 14 oz)
Drill Dummy Mk I Projectile - - -
Drill Dummy M7 Projectile 43.09 kg (90 lb) - - -
 
Concrete penetration, mm[13]
Ammunition \ Distance 0 914 m (1,000 yd) 2,743 m (3,000 yd) 4,572 m (5,000 yd)
HE M107 Shell (meet angle 0°) 884 mm (2 ft 11 in) 792 mm (2 ft 7 in) 610 mm (2 ft) 488 mm (1 ft 7 in)
Different methods of measurement were used in different countries / periods. Therefore, direct comparison is often impossible.

Operators

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Operators
  Current
  Former

Current

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Potential

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Former

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See also

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References

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Notes
  1. ^ a b Bak, Dongchan (March 2021). Korean War : Weapons of the United Nations (PDF) (in Korean). Republic of Korea: Ministry of Defense Institute for Military History. pp. 105–107. ISBN 979-11-5598-079-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  2. ^ a b B. P. Joyce, New "Four-Point-Seven" Guns The Field Artillery Journal (volume XII) 1922, p. 3 Retrieved 12/14/2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e https://tradocfcoeccafcoepfwprod.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fires-bulletin-archive/1931/NOV_DEC_1931/NOV_DEC_1931_FULL_EDITION.pdf, pp. 30-32 Retrieved 12/14/2023.
  4. ^ Okla.), Field Artillery School (Fort Sill (17 May 1934). "Materiel (Weapons)". Printing plant, The Field artillery school – via Google Books.
  5. ^ a b c Hogg - Allied Artillery of World War II, p 68.
  6. ^ Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground (Md ) Ordnance Research and Development (17 May 1945). "Sketches of the Ordnance Research and Development Center in World War II". Aberdeen Proving Ground – via Google Books.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Foss 2011, p. 1016.
  8. ^ Foss 2011, pp. 963, 1016.
  9. ^ Foss 2011, pp. 965, 1016.
  10. ^ a b c Foss 1994, p. 654.
  11. ^ Hunnicutt, p 337–339, 502.
  12. ^ a b TM 9-1331B, 155mm Howitzer M1 and Mount M14, p 205-219.
  13. ^ a b Hunnicutt - Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 502.
  14. ^ IISS 2024, p. 410.
  15. ^ IISS 2024, p. 419.
  16. ^ IISS 2024, p. 431.
  17. ^ IISS 2024, p. 100.
  18. ^ IISS 2024, p. 353.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Foss 2011, p. 1017.
  20. ^ IISS 2024, p. 364.
  21. ^ IISS 2024, p. 286.
  22. ^ IISS 2024, p. 290.
  23. ^ IISS 2024, p. 374.
  24. ^ IISS 2024, p. 302.
  25. ^ IISS 2024, p. 447.
  26. ^ IISS 2024, p. 307.
  27. ^ IISS 2024, p. 128.
  28. ^ IISS 2024, p. 382.
  29. ^ IISS 2024, p. 521.
  30. ^ IISS 2024, p. 315.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Arms transfer database". SIPRI. Stockholm International Peace Reseach Institute. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  32. ^ IISS 2024, p. 389.
  33. ^ IISS 2024, p. 148.
  34. ^ IISS 2024, p. 452.
  35. ^ IISS 2024, p. 454.
  36. ^ IISS 2024, p. 324.
  37. ^ Zoria, Yuri (15 March 2024). "Greece negotiates deal with Czechia for ammunition transfer to Ukraine". Euromaidan Press. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  38. ^ a b c d Department of Defense 1995, p. 13−7.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Wiener, Friedrich (1987). The armies of the NATO nations: Organization, concept of war, weapons and equipment. Truppendienst Handbooks Volume 3. Vienna: Herold Publishers. pp. 494–495.
  40. ^ "155 mm Howitzer M1". Gallery Rightwing. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  41. ^ IISS 2024, p. 319.
Bibliography
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