A log jam is a naturally occurring phenomenon characterized by a dense accumulation of tree trunks and pieces of large wood across a vast section of a river, stream, or lake. ("Large wood" is commonly defined to be pieces of wood more than 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and more than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long.)[1] Log jams in rivers and streams often span the entirety of the water's surface from bank to bank. Log jams form when trees floating in the water become entangled with other trees floating in the water or become snagged on rocks, large woody debris, or other objects anchored underwater. They can build up slowly over months or years, or they can happen instantaneously when large numbers of trees are swept into the water after natural disasters. A notable example caused by a natural disaster is the log jam that occurred in Spirit Lake following a landslide triggered by the eruption of Mount St. Helens. Unless they are dismantled by natural causes or humans, log jams can grow quickly, as more wood arriving from upstream becomes entangled in the mass. Log jams can persist for many decades, as is the case with the log jam in Spirit Lake.
.jpg)
Historically in North America, large natural "log rafts" were common across the continent prior to European settlement.[2] The most famous natural wood raft is the Great Raft on the Red River in Louisiana, which prior to its removal in the 1830s affected between 390 and 480 km (240–300 mi) of the main channel.[3] It has been suggested that such extensive log rafts may have been common in Europe in prehistory.[4] Currently, the largest known log jam is over 3 million tonnes in the Mackenzie River in Canada's Northwest Territories.[5] It contains more than 400,000 caches of wood and stores 3.4 million tons of carbon, equivalent to a year's emissions from 2.5 million cars. [6]
Log jams are not to be confused with man-made timber rafts created by loggers or the intentional release of large masses of trees into the water during a log drive to a sawmill.
Effects on river geomorphology
edit
Log jams alter flow hydraulics by diverting flow towards the bed or banks, increasing flow resistance and creating upstream pools, diverting flow onto the floodplain and damming the channel, causing water to spill over the structure.[7][8] These altered channel hydraulics change local patterns of erosion and deposition, which can create greater variety in local geomorphology and thus create provision and variety of habitat for instream living organisms.[9] The formation of a log jam against one bank typically concentrates flow in the wood-free portion of the channel, increasing velocity through this section and promoting scour of the riverbed. The formation of channel-spanning log jams can lead to the formation of an upstream pool, water spilling over the structure generating a "plunge pool" immediately downstream.[10]
The hydraulic and geomorphological effects of log jams are highly dependent on the slope of the river (and thus the potential power of the stream); in steep channels, log jams tend to form channel-spanning steplike structures with an associated downstream scour pool,[11] whereas in large lowland rivers with low slopes, log jams tend to be partial structures primarily acting to deflect flow with minimal geomorphological change.[12]
Effects on ecology
editLog jams provide important fish habitat. The pools created and sediment deposited by formation of log jams create prime spawning grounds for many species of salmon. These pools also provide refuge for fish during low water levels when other parts of a stream may be nearly dry. Log jams can provide refuge, as velocity shelters, during high-flow periods.[citation needed]
It has been suggested that log jams are an aspect of trees acting as ecosystem engineers to alter river habitats to promote tree growth.[13] In dynamic braided rivers, such as the Tagliamento River in Italy, where the dominant tree species is the black poplar, fallen trees form log jams when they are deposited on bars; fine sediment is deposited around these log jams, and sprouting seedlings are able to stabilise braid bars and promote the formation of stable islands in the river. These stable islands are then prime areas for establishment of seedlings and further vegetation growth, which in turn can eventually provide more fallen trees to the river and thus form more log jams.[14]
In large rivers in the Pacific Northwest of the United States, it has been shown there is a lifecycle of tree growth and river migration, with large trees falling into the channel as banks erode, then staying in place and acting as focal points for log jam formation. These log jams act as hard points, resisting further erosion and channel migration. The areas of floodplain behind these log jams then become stable enough for more large trees to grow, which can in turn become potential log jam anchor points in the future.[15]
Metaphorical usage
edit"Logjam" or "log jam" can be used metaphorically to mean "deadlock" or "impasse." It can be used either more literally, to mean a physical impasse, or more metaphorically, to mean an impasse in a process due to differing opinions, legal or technical issues, etc.[16] Here are two example sentences:
- "The presence of an ambulance on the side of the highway created a logjam of rubberneckers who just had to have a look." (more literal).
- "He was called in to try to break the logjam in the negotiations." (more metaphorical).
See also
edit
- Beaver dam, a wooden dam created by beavers
- Great Raft
- River morphology
- Stream restoration
- 1886 St. Croix River log jam
References
edit- ^ Wohl, Ellen (April 2010). "Large in-stream wood studies: a call for common metrics". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 35 (5): 618–625. Bibcode:2010ESPL...35..618W. doi:10.1002/esp.1966. S2CID 16337806.
- ^ Wohl, Ellen (2014). "A legacy of absence: Wood removal in US rivers". Progress in Physical Geography. 38 (5): 637–663. doi:10.1177/0309133314548091. S2CID 131725942. Archived from the original on 2015-02-17. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
- ^ Wohl, Ellen (2014). "A legacy of absence: Wood removal in US rivers". Progress in Physical Geography. 38 (5): 637–663. doi:10.1177/0309133314548091. S2CID 131725942. Archived from the original on 2015-02-17. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
- ^ Montgomery, D.R.; Collins, B.D.; Buffington, J.M.; Abbe, T.B. (2003). "Geomorphic effects of wood in rivers". The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers: 21–47.
- ^ Sendrowski, Alicia; Wohl, Ellen; Hilton, Robert; Kramer, Natalie; Ascough, Philippa (16 April 2023). "Wood-Based Carbon Storage in the Mackenzie River Delta: The World's Largest Mapped Riverine Wood Deposit". Geophysical Research Letters. 50 (7): e2022GL100913. Bibcode:2023GeoRL..5000913S. doi:10.1029/2022GL100913. S2CID 258063526.
- ^ Lamberink, Liny (26 April 2023). "World's biggest cumulative logjam mapped in the N.W.T. — and it stores tons of carbon". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
- ^ Abbe, T.B.; Montgomery, D.R. (1996). "Large woody debris jams, channel hydraulics and habitat formation in large rivers". Regulated Rivers: Research & Management. 12 (23): 201–221. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1646(199603)12:2/3<201::aid-rrr390>3.3.co;2-1.
- ^ Manners, R.B.; Doyle, M.W.; Small, M.J. (2007). "Structure and hydraulics of natural woody debris jams". Water Resources Research. 43 (6). Bibcode:2007WRR....43.6432M. doi:10.1029/2006WR004910. S2CID 129868907. Archived from the original on 2020-07-09. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
- ^ Gurnell, A.M.; Gregory, K.J.; Petts, G.E. (1995). "The role of coarse woody debris in forest aquatic habitats: Implications for management". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 5 (2): 143–166. Bibcode:1995ACMFE...5..143G. doi:10.1002/aqc.3270050206.
- ^ Dixon, S.J. (2015). "A dimensionless statistical analysis of logjam form and process". Ecohydrology. 9 (6): 1117–1129. doi:10.1002/eco.1710. S2CID 131127480. Archived from the original on 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
- ^ Curran, J.C.; Wohl, E.E. (2003). "Large woody debris and flow resistance in step-pool channels, Cascade Range, Washington". Geomorphology. 51 (1–3): 141–157. Bibcode:2003Geomo..51..141C. doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00333-1.
- ^ Shields, F.D.; Gippel, C.J. (1995). "Prediction of effects of woody debris removal on flow resistance". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 121 (4): 341–354. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:4(341).
- ^ Gurnell, A.M. (2014). "Plants as river system engineers". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 39 (1): 4–25. Bibcode:2014ESPL...39....4G. doi:10.1002/esp.3397. S2CID 55420478.
- ^ Gurnell, A.M.; Petts, G.E. (2006). "Trees as riparian engineers: The Tagliamento River, Italy". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 31 (12): 1558–1574. Bibcode:2006ESPL...31.1558G. doi:10.1002/esp.1342. S2CID 129185856.
- ^ Collins, B.D.; Montgomery, D.R; Fetherston, K.L.; Abbe, T.B. (2012). "The floodplain large-wood cycle hypothesis: A mechanism for the physical and biotic structuring of temperate forested alluvial valleys in the North Pacific coastal ecoregion". Geomorphology. 139–140: 460–470. Bibcode:2012Geomo.139..460C. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.11.011.
- ^ "Definition of LOGJAM". Archived from the original on 2022-03-23. Retrieved 2022-04-30.