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The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in the area of modern Iraq, and does not include collateral damage, especially from raids and airstrikes, which were due to mistaken identity or unfortunately getting caught in the line of fire.
Pre-20th Century
edit| Date | City | Attack | Deaths | (Alleged) Perpetrator | Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 29 January – 10 February 1258 |  Baghdad
|
Siege of Baghdad (1258) | 200,000 – 2,000,000 |  Ilkhanate Mongol Empire Kingdom of Georgia Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
|
estimates range from 200,000 to 2,000,000 civilian deaths | [1][2] |
| 21 April 1802 |  Karbala
|
Wahhabi sack of Karbala | 2,000-5,000 |  Emirate of Diriyah
|
About 12,000 Wahhabi Sunnis under the command of Abdul-Aziz bin Muhammad, the second ruler of the First Saudi State attack and sack Karbala, kill between 2,000 and 5,000 inhabitants and plunder the tomb of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib. |
Pre-Saddam 20th Century
edit| Date | City | Attack | Deaths | (Alleged) perpetrator | Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 May 1924 |  Kirkuk
|
Kirkuk Massacre of 1924 | 200[3]-300 | Assyrian Levies | Assyrian Levies massacre an estimated 200-300 people after a Turkmen shop keeper and Assyrian soldier get into an argument. | [4][5] |
| 7 August 1933 – 11 August 1933 | Northern Kingdom of Iraq, notably at Simele
|
Simele massacre | Several hundred (British estimate)[6][7][8] 3,000–6,000 (Assyrian estimate)[9][10] |
Royal Iraqi Army (led by Bakr Sidqi, Arab and Kurdish tribes
|
the Iraqi army massacred 600–3,000 Assyrian Christians | [11] |
| 1–2 June 1941 | Baghdad
|
Farhud | ~180 to 1,000+ Jews killed[12] ~300–400 pogromists killed during suppression |
Rashid Ali, Yunis al-Sabawi, al-Futuwa youths, and Iraqi mobs | Considered "The Beginning of The End of The Jewish Community of Iraq | [13] |
| 12 July 1946 | Kirkuk
|
Gavurbağı massacre | 16-20 | Iraqi police | Turkmen protestors were massacred | [14] |
| January 1948 | Baghdad
|
Al-Wathbah uprising | 300-400 | Iraqi Police
|
It is estimated that 300 – 400 demonstrators were killed | |
| April 1950 – June 1951 | Baghdad
|
1950–1951 Baghdad bombings | 3–4 | Iraqi Zionist agents, Israeli Mossad agents, Iraqi Istiqlal Party agents |
Series of bombings of Jewish targets in Baghdad | [15] |
| 14 July 1959 |  Kirkuk
|
Kirkuk massacre of 1959 | 71-79 |  Iraqi Communist Party,Fourth Brigade |
Kurdish members of the Iraqi Communist Party target Turkmens leaving an estimated 20 dead. This was followed by Kurdish soldiers from the Fourth Brigade targeting Turkmen residential areas with mortars, causing the destruction of 120 homes. Between 31 and 79 Turkmen were killed with 130 wounded. The Iraqi government referred to the incident as a "massacre". | [16] |
Saddam Era
edit| Date | City | Attack | Deaths | (Alleged) Perpetrator | Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 January 1969 |  Baghdad
|
1969 Baghdad hangings | 14 |  Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
|
Iraqi authorities hanged 14 Iraqis for allegedly spying for Israel during a public execution in Baghdad; nine were Jewish, three were Muslim and two were Christian | [17] |
| 16 September 1969 | Surya
|
Surya massacre | 47 | Ba'athist regime
|
The Iraqi military headed by Lieutenant Abdul Karim al-Jahayshee massacred 47 people in the Assyrian village of Soriya (Ṣawriyā) including the Chaldean priest Ḥannā Yaʻqūb Qāshā and left 22 wounded. | [18][19][20] |
| 1975 | Najaf
|
Najaf purges[citation needed] | 100 | Ba'athist regime
|
Over 100 Shi’ite clerics killed and 1250 arrested. | [citation needed] |
| 4-9 February 1977 | Najaf and Karbala
|
1977 Shia uprising in Iraq | unknown | Ba'athist regime
|
Despite brutally enforced ban on public religiousness, thousands of people defy it and head to Karbala during the Arba'een Pilgrimage. Hundreds were killed and thousands arrested by the regime. | |
| 1968–2003 | Ba'athist Iraq
|
Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq | 2,500[21] to 12,500[21][22] | Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
|
Between 1968 and 2003, the ruling Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of the Iraqi Republic perpetrated multiple campaigns of demographic engineering against the country's non-Arabs. While Arabs constitute the majority of Iraq's population as a whole, they are not the majority in parts of northern Iraq, and a minority in Iraqi Kurdistan. In an attempt to Arabize the north, the Iraqi government pursued a policy of ethnic cleansing, killing and forcefully displacing a large number of Iraqi minorities—predominantly Kurds, but also Turkmen, Yazidis, Assyrians, Shabaks, Mandaeans, and Armenians, among others—and subsequently allotting the cleared land to Arab settlers |
- 50,000 to 70,000 Shi'a, and 50,000 opposition activists, communists, Kurds and other minorities disappeared into Iraqi prisons in the 1980s[23]
- May 7, 1980, Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein, Nationwide; 15,000[24][25]–25,000[26][27] Feyli Kurds were targeted genocide[28] via exportation[29] and forced relocations.[30]
- July 8, 1982, Dujail Massacre, Dujail; 148 deaths.
- May 10, 1983. Saddam ordered further arrest of all Hakim family. Hundreds were killed and buried in mass graves.
- In July and August 1983, on the orders of President Saddam Hussein[31] over 8,000 men and boys of the Barzani Kurds, some as young as 13, were killed by the Ba'athist Iraq.[32][33][34]
- In August 1996, the Erbil massacre which resulted the death of 48 Iraqi Turkmen.[35]
- 1984, Abu Ghraib prison massacre, Baghdad Governorate; 4,000 executed in purge[36]
- 1986–1989, Anfal genocide, Nationwide: 50,000[37]-182,000[38] Kurds and other Iraqi minorities killed during Iran–Iraq War.
- March 16, 1988, Halabja poison gas attack, Halabja: 5,000+ deaths; Iraqi government used chemical weapons on Kurdish town; condemned as an act of genocide (The aforementioned Anfal genocide).
- March 1 – April 5, 1991 Iraqi uprisings, Nationwide: 25,000–180,000 killed (mostly civilians).[39][40][41]
After 2003
edit- August 1, 2004, 2004 Iraq churches attacks, Baghdad and Mosul; 12 died, 71 injured.[42]
- October 24, 2004 Massacre of New Iraqi Army recruits by Sunni insurgents, 49 killed.[43]
- November 19, 2005 Haditha killings, Haditha 24 Iraqi civilians were killed by United States Marines.[44]
- March 12, 2006 Mahmudiyah killings on by U.S. Army soldiers, 4 killed.[45]
- March 15, 2006, the Ishaqi incident, where four women and five children, one aged five months were allegedly killed by U.S. Forces. This was denied by the Americans, who said a building collapsed during a firefight, killing four people—a suspect, two women and a child.[46]
- March 2006, US troops killed 4 Iraq prisoners.[47]
- Between May 7 and 8, 2006, 51 bodies were found in Baghdad, all handcuffed, blindfolded and shot in the head and abdomen.[48]
- July 9, 2006, Hay al Jihad massacre on by Shia militia, 40 killed.[49]
- April 23, 2007, 2007 Mosul massacre, Mosul; 23 died; the murders were considered to be a reprisal for the honor killing of a 17-year-old Yazidi girl.
- On April 17, 2007, 51 bodies of Iraqi civilians and military personnel, who were killed in the previous two years, were found in Mahmudiya, south of Baghdad.
- June 29, 2007, Al Ahamir Massacre, Al Ahamir, 10-14 Iraqi civilians were killed by Al Qaeda.
- On June 30, 2007, 35 to 40 bodies were recovered from a recently dug mass grave in the town of Ferris, south of Fallujah, most likely victims of sectarian violence.
- July 16, 2007, massacre of Shiite villagers in a village in Diyala province on by Sunni insurgents, 29 killed.[50]
- September 16, 2007, Nisour Square massacre, Baghdad: Blackwater Baghdad shootings by a private military company, 17 killed. The private military company, Blackwater Security Consulting, shot at Iraqi civilians killing 17 and injuring 20 in Nisour Square, Baghdad while escorting a US embassy convoy.
- Following the conclusion of the 2007 Diyala province military campaign dozens of mass graves were found. It is unclear who was responsible although Al-Qaeda is suspected.
- April 4, 2010, insurgents dressed as US and Iraqi soldiers killed 25 people including 5 women in a village south of Baghdad. They were linked to the Awakening movement. They were handcuffed and shot in the head or chest. Seven were found alive in handcuffs. Major General Qassim Atta spokesman for the Iraqi security forces' Baghdad operations said Al-Qaeda in Iraq was behind this.[51][52]
- October 31, 2010, Baghdad church attack, Baghdad; 58 died; Islamic State of Iraq attacked a Catholic church.
- April 8, 2011, Camp Ashraf raid, Camp Ashraf; 34 unarmed members of the People's Mujahedin of Iran were killed by Iraqi security forces. 300+ injured.
- March 2012, Emo killings by terrorists in Baghdad.[53]
- 2013 Camp Ashraf massacre that killed 52 people by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps on September 1, 2013.[54]
- June 10, 2014, Badush prison massacre that killed 670 by the Islamic State of Iraq.[55]
- June 10, 2014 – August 8, 2015, Mass executions in Islamic State-occupied Mosul where over 6,539 people have been killed.
- June 12, 2014, Camp Speicher massacre, where 1,700 people were murdered in Mosul by the Islamic State of Iraq.[56]
- August 2014 – Sinjar massacre, about 5,000 Yazidis massacred by ISIS.[57]
- January 28, 2015 – Barwana massacre, 70 unarmed boys and men by Shia militas (allegedly).
- September 1, 2016 – Islamic State reportedly executed nine Mosul youths with a chainsaw for being part of an opposing group.[58]
- January 21, 2022, 2022 Diyala massacre that killed 11 people by the Islamic State of Iraq.[59]
References
edit- ^ Andre Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol. 2, (Brill, 2002), 13.
- ^ The different aspects of Islamic culture: Science and technology in Islam, Vol.4, Ed. A. Y. Al-Hassan, (Dergham sarl, 2001), 655.
- ^ Anderson, Liam D.; Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2009). Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4176-1.
- ^ "4 de maio na história - TRT Portuguese". Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (in Portuguese). 5 May 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ "Salihi, Levi Katliamı'nın 97. yıl dönümü için bir mesaj yayımladı - www.tarihistan.org". www.tarihistan.org (in Turkish). 5 May 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ Sykes, Percy (1934). "A summary of the history of the Assyrians in 'Iraq, 1918–1933". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 21 (2): 255–268. doi:10.1080/03068373408725306. "At other villages batches of men were killed, the total number aggregating 550."
- ^ Zubaida, S (July 2000). "Contested nations: Iraq and the Assyrians" (PDF). Nations and Nationalism. 6 (3): 363–382. doi:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2000.00363.x. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
The total number of Assyrian victims of these events was estimated by British officials at about 600, but Assyrian sources put it at several thousand.
- ^ Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie (2019). "The Assyrians in World War One and the 1933 Massacre: New Discoveries in the Rsaa Archives". Asian Affairs. 50 (4): 569–587. doi:10.1080/03068374.2019.1672427. S2CID 211652462. "Nearly 1,000 men, women and children were killed by Iraqi armed forces – and their villages were looted by Kurdish tribesmen."
- ^ Benjamen, Alda (2022). Assyrians in Modern Iraq: Negotiating Political and Cultural Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-108-83879-5.
- ^ Donabed, Sargon (2010). Iraq and the Assyrian Unimagining: Illuminating Scaled Suffering and a Hierarchy of Genocide from Simele to Anfal. University of Toronto. pp. 69–72.
- ^ Bulut, Uzay (5 August 2021). "Resolution in US House Would Recognize Simele Massacre against Assyrians in Iraq - Providence". providencemag.com. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ "Farhud memories: Baghdad's 1941 slaughter of the Jews". BBC News. June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ REICH, AARON (1 June 2022). "On This Day: The Farhud pogrom begins against Iraq's Jews 81 years ago - The Jerusalem Post". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ "ميسون نعيم الرومي: الى العامل في عيده - الأخبار" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
- ^ Marozzi, Justin (17 June 2023). "A shocking claim about the Baghdad bombings of 1950 and 1951 - The Spectator". The Spectator. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ "Turkmen man recalls 1959 massacre in Iraq's Kirkuk - Politics". www.yenisafak.com. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ Stutland, Ilana (1 March 2019). "Baghdad hangings: When Jews were snatched and accused of spying for Israel". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ Donabed, Sargon George. (2016). Reforging a forgotten history : Iraq and the Assyrians in the twentieth century. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-1212-4. OCLC 1044658876.
- ^ HMML Hill Museum & Manuscript Library
- ^ "Massacre Crime in the village of Surya- 1969". kgna.krd. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ^ a b Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.
https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF row 1313 and 1314
1,000,000 and 10,000 to 2,000,000 and 100,000 Kurds were displaced and killed respectively between 1963 and 1987; 250,000 of them in 1977 and 1978. If deaths are proportional to the displacement then 2,500 to 12,500 Kurds would have died during this period depending on the scale of overall displacement and deaths used. - ^ Farouk-Sluglett, M.; Sluglett, P.; Stork, J. (July–September 1984). "Not Quite Armageddon: Impact of the War on Iraq". MERIP Reports: 24.
- ^ Greitens, Sheena Chestnut (16 August 2016). Dictators and their Secret Police: Coercive Institutions and State Violence. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. ISBN 9781316712566.
- ^ "Scars that won't heal: Iraq recognises Fayli Kurd persecution as 'genocide'". ekurd.net. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- ^ Marsh, Robin. "International Recognition of the Kurdish Genocide - Concerning the Faili Kurds". www.uk.upf.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- ^ Jaffar Al-Faylee, Zaki (2010). Tareekh Al-Kurd Al-Faylyoon. pp. 485, 499–501.
- ^ Al-Hakeem, Dr. Sahib (2003). Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves. pp. 489–492.
- ^ "33-Year Post Faili Kurds Genocide". ekurd.net. Retrieved 2021-07-25.
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- ^ "FROM BLUEPRINT TO GENOCIDE?" (PDF). drmohammedihsan.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-09.
- ^ "Iraqi tribunal rules Barzani killings in 1983 were genocide". ekurd.net.
- ^ "Various waves of Kurdish genocide". uk.gov.krd. Archived from the original on 2017-09-01.
- ^ "31 Ağustos 1996: Saddam rejimi Erbil'de Türkmenleri katletti". www.qha.com.tr. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
- ^ Chauhan, Sharad S. (2003). War on Iraq. APH Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 9788176484787.
- ^ GENOCIDE IN IRAQ Human Rights Watch, 1993
- ^ The Crimes of Saddam Hussein – 1988 The Anfal Campaign PBS Frontline
- ^ "2 Mass Graves in Iraq Unearthed". Los Angeles Times. June 5, 2006.
- ^ "'Chemical Ali' on trial for brutal crushing of Shia uprising". The Guardian. August 22, 2007.
- ^ "ENDLESS TORMENT, The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath". Hrw.org. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
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- ^ Zielbauer, Paul Von (2008-08-27). "U.S. officers killed blindfolded Iraqis, statements say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
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- ^ [1] Archived April 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
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