List of sovereign states by research and development spending
This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
| $2000-$2249 $1750-$1999 $1500-$1749 $1250-$1499 $1000-$1249 | $750-$999 $500-$749 $250-$499 $0-$249 No data |
According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″[3]
According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″[4]
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.″[2]
As of 2022, Israel leads the world in R&D spending as a percentage of GDP, followed by South Korea, the United States, Japan, Belgium and Sweden.
List
editThe following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by World Bank,[5] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe,[6] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[2] The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2015 base year and purchasing power parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP.
| Country | WB[7] | UNECE[8] | OECD[9][10] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Research and development expenditure | Research and development expenditure | Gross domestic spending on R&D | |||||
| % of GDP | Year | % of GDP | Year | % of GDP | mil USD PPC | Year | |
 Albania |
0.15% | 2008 | |||||
 Algeria |
0.53% | 2017 | |||||
 American Samoa |
0.40% | 2006 | |||||
 Angola |
0.03% | 2016 | |||||
 Argentina |
0.52% | 2021 | |||||
 Armenia |
0.21% | 2022 | 0.21% | 2022 | |||
 Australia |
1.83% | 2019 | |||||
 Austria |
3.26% | 2021 | 3.26% | 2021 | 3.20% | 15,247.24 | 2022 |
 Azerbaijan |
0.15% | 2022 | 0.15% | 2022 | |||
 Bahrain |
0.10% | 2014 | |||||
 Belarus |
0.48% | 2022 | 0.48% | 2022 | |||
 Belgium |
3.43% | 2021 | 3.43% | 2021 | 3.41% | 19,815.99 | 2022 |
 Bermuda |
0.23% | 2020 | |||||
 Bolivia |
0.16% | 2009 | |||||
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
0.19% | 2022 | 0.19% | 2022 | |||
 Botswana |
0.56% | 2013 | |||||
 Brazil |
1.15% | 2020 | |||||
 Brunei |
0.28% | 2018 | |||||
 Bulgaria |
0.77% | 2021 | 0.77% | 2021 | |||
 Burkina Faso |
0.25% | 2021 | |||||
 Burundi |
0.21% | 2018 | |||||
 Cabo Verde |
0.07% | 2011 | |||||
 Cambodia |
0.12% | 2015 | |||||
 Canada |
1.55% | 2022 | 1.55% | 2022 | 1.71% | 32,444.09 | 2022 |
 Chad |
0.30% | 2016 | |||||
 Chile |
0.33% | 2020 | |||||
 China |
2.43% | 2021 | |||||
 Colombia |
0.29% | 2020 | |||||
 Costa Rica |
0.28% | 2021 | |||||
 Croatia |
1.24% | 2021 | 1.24% | 2021 | |||
 Cuba |
0.32% | 2021 | |||||
 Cyprus |
0.83% | 2021 | 0.83% | 2021 | |||
 Czech Republic |
2.00% | 2021 | 2.00% | 2021 | 1.96% | 8,065.57 | 2022 |
 Côte d'Ivoire |
0.07% | 2016 | |||||
 Democratic Republic of the Congo |
0.41% | 2015 | |||||
 Denmark |
2.81% | 2021 | 2.81% | 2021 | 2.89% | 9,482.75 | 2022 |
 Ecuador |
0.44% | 2014 | |||||
 Egypt |
1.02% | 2022 | |||||
 El Salvador |
0.16% | 2021 | |||||
 Estonia |
1.75% | 2021 | 1.75% | 2021 | 1.78% | 851.98 | 2022 |
 Eswatini |
0.27% | 2015 | |||||
 Ethiopia |
0.27% | 2017 | |||||
 Faroe Islands |
0.85% | 2003 | |||||
 Finland |
2.99% | 2021 | 2.99% | 2021 | 2.96% | 7,630.49 | 2022 |
 France |
2.22% | 2021 | 2.22% | 2021 | 2.18% | 63,972.56 | 2022 |
 Gabon |
0.58% | 2009 | |||||
 Gambia |
0.07% | 2018 | |||||
 Georgia |
0.24% | 2022 | 0.24% | 2022 | |||
 Germany |
3.14% | 2021 | 3.14% | 2021 | 3.13% | 131,833.55 | 2022 |
 Ghana |
0.38% | 2010 | |||||
 Greece |
1.46% | 2021 | 1.46% | 2021 | 1.49% | 4,673.54 | 2022 |
 Greenland |
0.65% | 2004 | |||||
 Guam |
0.26% | 2005 | |||||
 Guatemala |
0.06% | 2021 | |||||
 Honduras |
0.06% | 2019 | |||||
 Hong Kong |
1.07% | 2022 | |||||
 Hungary |
1.64% | 2021 | 1.64% | 2021 | 1.39% | 4,632.64 | 2022 |
 Iceland |
2.81% | 2021 | 2.81% | 2021 | 2.60% | 533.65 | 2022 |
 India |
0.65% | 2020 | |||||
 Indonesia |
0.28% | 2020 | |||||
 Iran |
0.79% | 2019 | |||||
 Iraq |
0.04% | 2021 | |||||
 Ireland |
1.13% | 2021 | 1.13% | 2021 | 0.96% | 5,346.65 | 2022 |
 Israel |
5.56% | 2021 | 5.56% | 2021 | 6.02% | 24,338.76 | 2022 |
 Italy |
1.45% | 2021 | 1.45% | 2021 | 1.32% | 31,678.33 | 2022 |
 Jamaica |
0.06% | 2002 | |||||
 Japan |
3.30% | 2021 | 3.41% | 180,459.43 | 2022 | ||
 Jordan |
0.70% | 2016 | |||||
 Kazakhstan |
0.12% | 2022 | 0.12% | 2022 | |||
 Kenya |
0.41% | 2022 | |||||
 Kuwait |
0.08% | 2022 | |||||
 Kyrgyzstan |
0.08% | 2022 | 0.08% | 2022 | |||
 Laos |
0.04% | 2002 | |||||
 Latvia |
0.74% | 2021 | 0.74% | 2021 | 0.76% | 441.57 | 2022 |
 Lesotho |
0.05% | 2015 | |||||
 Lithuania |
1.11% | 2021 | 1.11% | 2021 | 1.02% | 1,086.65 | 2022 |
 Luxembourg |
1.04% | 2021 | 1.04% | 2021 | 0.98% | 715.64 | 2022 |
 Macau |
0.49% | 2022 | |||||
 Madagascar |
0.01% | 2017 | |||||
 Malaysia |
0.95% | 2020 | |||||
 Mali |
0.17% | 2021 | |||||
 Malta |
0.67% | 2021 | 0.67% | 2021 | |||
 Mauritania |
0.01% | 2018 | |||||
 Mauritius |
0.31% | 2022 | |||||
 Mexico |
0.27% | 2022 | |||||
 Moldova |
0.23% | 2022 | 0.23% | 2022 | |||
 Monaco |
0.04% | 2005 | |||||
 Mongolia |
0.00% | 2022 | |||||
 Montenegro |
0.36% | 2019 | 0.36% | 2019 | |||
 Morocco |
0.66% | 2010 | |||||
 Mozambique |
0.31% | 2015 | |||||
 Myanmar |
0.04% | 2022 | |||||
 Namibia |
0.35% | 2014 | |||||
 Nepal |
0.30% | 2010 | |||||
 Netherlands |
2.31% | 2021 | 2.31% | 2021 | 2.30% | 22,861.22 | 2022 |
 New Zealand |
1.45% | 2021 | |||||
 Nicaragua |
0.11% | 2015 | |||||
 Nigeria |
0.28% | 2019 | |||||
 North Macedonia |
0.38% | 2022 | 0.38% | 2022 | |||
 Norway |
1.94% | 2021 | 1.94% | 2021 | 1.56% | 7,209.06 | 2022 |
 Oman |
0.28% | 2022 | |||||
 Pakistan |
0.16% | 2021 | |||||
 Palestine |
0.45% | 2013 | |||||
 Panama |
0.18% | 2022 | |||||
 Papua New Guinea |
0.03% | 2016 | |||||
 Paraguay |
0.14% | 2021 | |||||
 Peru |
0.16% | 2022 | |||||
 Philippines |
0.32% | 2018 | |||||
 Poland |
1.44% | 2021 | 1.44% | 2021 | 1.45% | 19,638.97 | 2022 |
 Portugal |
1.73% | 2022 | 1.73% | 2022 | 1.70% | 6,039.44 | 2022 |
 Puerto Rico |
0.43% | 2015 | |||||
 Qatar |
0.68% | 2021 | |||||
 Republic of the Congo |
0.41% | 2022 | |||||
 Romania |
0.47% | 2021 | 0.47% | 2021 | |||
 Russia |
0.94% | 2022 | 0.94% | 2022 | |||
 Rwanda |
0.76% | 2019 | |||||
 Saint Lucia |
0.27% | 1999 | |||||
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
0.11% | 2002 | |||||
 Saudi Arabia |
0.46% | 2022 | |||||
 Senegal |
0.58% | 2015 | |||||
 Serbia |
0.97% | 2022 | 0.97% | 2022 | |||
 Seychelles |
0.22% | 2016 | |||||
 Singapore |
2.16% | 2020 | |||||
 Slovakia |
0.92% | 2021 | 0.92% | 2021 | 0.98% | 1,843.37 | 2022 |
 Slovenia |
2.13% | 2021 | 2.13% | 2021 | 2.11% | 1,708.27 | 2022 |
 South Africa |
0.60% | 2020 | |||||
 South Korea |
4.93% | 2021 | 5.21% | 119,643.78 | 2022 | ||
 Spain |
1.43% | 2021 | 1.43% | 2021 | 1.44% | 25,758.29 | 2022 |
 Sri Lanka |
0.12% | 2020 | |||||
 Sudan |
0.22% | 2005 | |||||
 Sweden |
3.42% | 2021 | 3.42% | 2021 | 3.41% | 19,031.00 | 2022 |
 Switzerland |
3.36% | 2021 | 3.36% | 2021 | |||
 Syria |
0.02% | 2015 | |||||
 Tajikistan |
0.09% | 2020 | 0.09% | 2020 | |||
 Tanzania |
0.51% | 2013 | |||||
 Thailand |
1.21% | 2021 | |||||
 Togo |
0.20% | 2014 | |||||
 Trinidad and Tobago |
0.05% | 2021 | |||||
 Tunisia |
0.75% | 2019 | |||||
 Turkey |
1.40% | 2021 | 1.40% | 2021 | 1.32% | 36,986.66 | 2022 |
 Uganda |
0.14% | 2014 | |||||
 Ukraine |
0.33% | 2022 | 0.33% | 2022 | |||
 United Arab Emirates |
1.50% | 2021 | |||||
 United Kingdom |
2.91% | 2021 | 2.91% | 2021 | |||
 United States Virgin Islands |
0.03% | 2007 | |||||
 United States |
3.46% | 2021 | 3.46% | 2021 | 3.59% | 761,582.95 | 2022 |
 Uruguay |
0.42% | 2021 | |||||
 Uzbekistan |
0.16% | 2022 | 0.16% | 2022 | |||
 Venezuela |
0.69% | 2016 | |||||
 Vietnam |
0.43% | 2021 | |||||
 Zambia |
0.28% | 2008 | |||||
 European Union |
2.11% | 408,322.10 | 2022 | ||||
| OECD | 2.73% | 1,707,220.86 | 2022 | ||||
References
edit- ^ Our World in Data. "Research and development spending as a share of GDP". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
- ^ a b c Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
- ^ World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
- ^ United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
- ^ World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
- ^ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". w3.unece.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
- ^ "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
- ^ "Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
- ^ "Gross domestic spending on R&D (% of GDP)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
- ^ "Gross domestic spending on R&D (Million US dollars)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
See also
edit- Business R&D intensity by country
- List of companies by research and development spending
- List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles
- List of countries by number of scientists and researchers
- List of U.S. states by research and development spending
- Science of science policy
- Science policy