Outline of anarchism

Nature of anarchism

Manifestos and expositions

(1840–1914)

Anarchist Manifesto (1850) by Anselme Bellegarrigue
State Socialism and Anarchism (1886) by Benjamin Tucker
The Principles of Anarchism (c. 1890s) by Lucy Parsons
Anarchy (1891) by Errico Malatesta
The Soul of Man under Socialism (1891) by Oscar Wilde
Anarchy Defended by Anarchists (1896) by Emma Goldman and Johann Most

(1914–1984)

Organizational Platform of the General Union of Anarchists (Draft) (1926) by Dielo Truda
What's Anarchism? (1932) by Hippolyte Havel
The Philosophy of Anarchism (1940) by Herbert Read
Anarchism: Past and Present (1980) by Murray Bookchin

(1985–present)

Anarchism and Other Impediments to Anarchy (1985) by Bob Black
Listen, Anarchist! (1987) by Chaz Bufe
Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm (1994) by Murray Bookchin
The Anarchist Tension (1996) by Alfredo M. Bonanno

Anarchist schools of thought

History of anarchism

The execution of the Haymarket martyrs following the Haymarket affair of 1886 inspired a new generation of anarchists

Timeline of major events

Historic precedents and background events (pre-1840)

1793 – William Godwin publishes Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, implicitly establishing the philosophical foundations of anarchism.^[8]
1827 – Josiah Warren opens the Cincinnati Time Store, an early experiment in mutualist economics.

Early stages (1840-1870)

1840 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon publishes What Is Property? and becomes history's first self-proclaimed anarchist.
1844 – The Ego and Its Own published by Max Stirner.
1845 – Ramón de la Sagra founds the first anarchist journal in Spain.
1850 – Anarchist Manifesto published by Anselme Bellegarrigue.
1864 – International Workingmen's Association (IWA) founded.^[9]
1867–69 – Julio López Chávez revolt in Mexico.

Classical era (1870–1913)

1870–71 – Paris Commune, Lyon Commune and Besançon Commune in France.
1872 – Hague Congress in the Netherlands.
1872 – St. Imier Congress in Switzerland.
1873–74 – Cantonal rebellion and Petroleum Revolution in Spain.
1874 – Bologna insurrection in Italy.
1877 – Banda del Matese active in Italy.
1878 – Assassination attempt against Kaiser Wilhelm I by Max Hödel.
1882–83 – Mano Negra affair in Spain.
1886 – Strike of 1886 in Belgium.
1886 – Haymarket affair in the USA. Leads to International Workers' Day/May Day.
1887 – Sociedad Cosmopolita de Resistencia y Colocación de Obreros Panaderos established in Argentina.
1891 – Clichy Affair in France.
1892 – The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin is published.
1892 – Jerez uprising in Spain.
1892 – Walsall Anarchists in Britain.
1893 – Liceu bombing in Spain.
1894 – Lunigiana revolt in Italy.
1894 – Omladina Trial in the Austro-Hungarian empire.
1894 – Assassination of French President Sadi Carnot by Sante Geronimo Caserio.
1894 – Trial of the Thirty in France.
1896 – Barcelona Corpus Christi procession bombing and Montjuïc trial in Spain.
1897 – Assassination of Spanish PM Antonio Cánovas del Castillo.
1898 – Assassination of Empress Elisabeth of Austria.
1898–1903 – Boatmen of Thessaloniki active in the Ottoman Empire.
1900 – Assassination of King Umberto I of Italy.
1900 – PLM established in Mexico.
1901 – Assassination of US President William McKinley.
1901 – FORA established in Argentina.
1903 – Strandzha Commune in the Ottoman Empire.
1903 – Immigration Act of 1903 in the USA.
1907 – International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
1907 – Tenants' strike in Argentina.
1908 – Red Flag Incident in Japan.
1909 – Assassination of Chief of Police Ramón Lorenzo Falcón.
1909 – Francisco Ferrer executed in Spain.
1910 – SAC established in Sweden.
1910 – CNT established in Spain.
1910–14 – Rewolucyjni Mściciele active in Poland.
1910–11 – High Treason Incident in Japan.
1910–11 – Chinese Assassination Corps active in China.
1911 – Magonista rebellion in Mexico.
1911–12 – Bonnot Gang active in France.
1912 – Assassination of Spanish PM José Canalejas y Méndez.
1912–27 – The Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement in China and France.
1912 – COM established in Mexico.
1912 – USI established in Italy.
1913 – Assassination of George I of Greece.

World War I, Interwar period and World War II (1914 – 1945)

1914–16 – Red Battalions active in Mexico.
1916 – NSF established in Norway.
1916 – Manifesto of the Sixteen published.
1916 – Serifos miners strike in Greece.
1917–21 – the Makhnovshchina/Makhnovists active in Ukraine.
1918–20 – Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian in China.
1918 – Explosion in Leontievsky Lane in Russia.
1918 – First Republic of Pińczów established in Poland.
1918 – Rio de Janeiro anarchist insurrection in Brazil.
1919 – Tragic Week in Argentina.
1919 – CGT established in Portugal.
1919 – La Canadenca strike in Spain.
1919–28 – Heroic Corps active in Korea.
1919–25 – Red Legion active in Portugal.
1919 – United States anarchist bombings.
1919 – FAUD established in Germany.
1919–20 – First Red Scare and Palmer Raids in the USA.
1919–20 – Biennio Rosso in Italy.
1920–22 – Patagonia Rebelde and La Forestral massacre in Argentina.
1920 – Wall Street bombing in the USA.
1921 – Assassination of Spanish PM Eduardo Dato.
1922 – IWA–AIT established.
1923 – Kantō Massacre and Amakasu Incident in Japan.
1926 – Gino Lucetti attempts to assassinate Benito Mussolini in Italy.
1926–28 – Severino Di Giovanni bombing campaign in Argentina.
1927 – Sacco and Vanzetti executed in the USA.
1927 – FAI established in Spain.
1929–31 – Korean People's Association in Manchuria in China.
1929–33 – The Black Band is active in Germany.
1931 – Taking of Encarnación in Paraguay.
1932 – Anarchist insurrection of Alt Llobregat in Spain.
1933 – Anarchist insurrection of January 1933 and Casas Viejas incident in Spain.
1933 – Anarchist insurrection of December 1933 in Spain.
1934 – Erich Mühsam murdered in a Nazi concentration camp.
1934 – Asturian miners' strike of 1934 in Spain.
1936–39 – the Spanish Civil War and Spanish Revolution.^[10]
1937 – May Days in Spain.
1942–43 – Green Guard operates in Ukraine.
1943 – Carlo Tresca assassinated in the USA.
1943–45 – Anarchist brigades in the Italian Resistance.
1944–45 – Syndicalist Brigade active in Poland.

Cold War era (1946 – 1989)

1955 – Pierre Morain becomes the first French activist jailed for supporting Algerian independence.
1956 – FAU established in Uruguay.
1963 – Spies for Peace active in Britain.
1968 – May 68 in France.^[11]
1969 – Piazza Fontana bombing and death of Giuseppe Pinelli in Italy.
1970 – Barracks anarchists killed in Italy.
1970–72 – The Angry Brigade is active in Britain.
1971 – Chomsky–Foucault debate the Netherlands.
1972–75 – East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front active.
1972–80 – 2 June Movement active in Germany.
1974–78 – Resistencia Libertaria active in Argentina.
1977 – FAU established in Germany.
1978 – Scala case in Spain.
1979–87 – Action Directe active in France.
1980 – Faurisson affair in France.
1980–83 – CLODO active in France.
1980 – Wanganui Computer Centre bombing in New Zealand.
1982 – Litton Industries bombing in Canada.
1986 – Battle of Ryesgade in Denmark.

Post-Cold War era resurgence (1990 – present)

1994–2020 – Zapatista uprising and Chiapas conflict in Mexico.
1997 – CIPO-RFM established in Mexico.
1999 – Murder of Björn Söderberg in Sweden.
1999 – Seattle WTO protests in the USA.
2001 – Katie Sierra free speech case in the USA.
2003 – Anarchists Against the Wall established in Israel.
2006 4F case in Spain.
2008 Tarnac Nine arrested in France.
2008 Greek riots.
2011 Occupy movement begins.
2012 ongoing Rojava conflict
2016 Audrey Tang appointed Minister without portfolio in Taiwan.
2017 Catalan general strike in Spain.
2017 18 International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces active in Syria.
2018 Arkhangelsk FSB office bombing in Russia.
2019 – Tacoma attack in the USA.
2022 ongoing The Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists is active in Russia and Belarus.
2023 Killing of Tortuguita in the USA.
2024 – Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell in the USA.

History of anarchism by region

Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations on 1 May 1986 at the Melbourne Eight Hour Day monument

Historians

Historical societies

General anarchism concepts

These are concepts which, although not exclusive to anarchism, are significant in historical and/or modern anarchist circles. As the anarchist milieu is philosophically heterogeneous, there is disagreement over which of these concepts should play a role in anarchism.

Organizations

Notable organizations

The traditional fist-and-cross symbol of the Anarchist Black Cross, a notable political support organization (est. 1906)

Jura federation (est. 1870)
Freedom Press (est. 1886)
Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (est. 1901)
Industrial Workers of the World (est. 1905) (not formally anarchist, but has a significant anarchist presence)
Anarchist Black Cross (est. 1906)
Mexican Liberal Party (est. 1906)
Central Organisation of the Workers of Sweden (est. 1910)
Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (est. 1910)
Unione Sindacale Italiana (est. 1912)
Black Guards (est. 1917)
International Workers Association (est. 1922)
Federación Anarquista Ibérica (est. 1927)
Mexican Anarchist Federation (est. 1945)
Fédération Anarchiste (est. 1945)
Federazione Anarchica Italiana (est. 1945)
Confédération nationale du travail (est. 1946)
Japanese Anarchist Federation (est. 1946)
Argentine Libertarian Federation (est. 1955)
Uruguayan Anarchist Federation (est. 1956)
International of Anarchist Federations (est. 1968)
Confederación General del Trabajo (est. 1979)
Solidarity Federation (est. 1979)
Alternative libertaire (est. 1991)
Anarchist Federation (Britain and Ireland) (est. 1986)
Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front (est. 2003)
Conspiracy of Fire Cells (est. 2008)
International Revolutionary People's Guerrilla Forces (est. 2017)
Libertarian Communist Union (est. 2019)
Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists (Est. 2018, Active 2022)

Structures

Anarchist literature

Notable figures

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Bolivia

Petronila Infantes

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Brazil

Bulgaria

Canada

Chile

China

Cuba

Canek Sánchez Guevara

Czechia

Denmark

Halfdan Rasmussen

Ecuador

Piedad Moscoso

Finland

Georgia

Varlam Cherkezishvili

Germany

Greece

Iceland

India

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Korea

Japan

Macedonia

Atanas Razdolov

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nigeria

Sam Mbah

Norway

Paraguay

Peru

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Syria

Omar Aziz

Taiwan

Audrey Tang

Turkey

Tunisia

Amina Tyler

Ukraine

United States of America

Uruguay

Non-anarchists influential on anarchism

Non-anarchists influenced by anarchism

Places named after anarchists

Action Directe (climb), Germany
Anarchist Mountain, Canada
Doctor Moisés Bertoni, Paraguay
Dorothy Day homeless shelter, United States
Eloxochitlán de Flores Magón, Mexico
Haymarket Martyrs' Monument, USA
Georg von Rauch Haus, Germany
Louise Michel station, France
Kropotkin, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia
Kropotkin, Krasnodar Krai, Russia
Kropotkin Range, Russia
Kropotkinskaya, Russia
Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria
Metropolitan Ervin Szabó Library, Hungary
Mount Kropotkin, Antarctica
Parc Georges-Brassens, France
Red Emma's, United States
Ricardo Flores Magón metro station, Mexico
Soviet monitor Zhelezniakov, Ukraine
Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Mexico
Tolstoy, United States

Related philosophies

Footnotes

^ Wilbur, Shawn P. (2019). "Mutualism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 213–224. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_11. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
^ Ryley, Peter (2019). "Individualism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 225–236. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_12. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
^ Turcato, Davide (2019). "Anarchist Communism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 237–248. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_13. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
^ Kowal, Donna M. (2019). "Anarcha-Feminism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 265–280. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_15. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
^ Price, Andy (2019). "Green Anarchism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 281–292. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_16. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
^ Newman, Saul (2019). "Postanarchism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 293–303. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_17. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
^ van der Walt, Lucien (2019). "Syndicalism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 249–264. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_14. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
^ Peter Kropotkin, "Anarchism", Encyclopædia Britannica 1910
^ Graham, Robert (2019). "Anarchism and the First International". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 325–342. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_19. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
^ Yeoman, James Michael (2019). "The Spanish Civil War". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 429–448. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
^ Berry, David (2019). "Anarchism and 1968". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 449–470. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.
^ P. E. de Puydt. "Panarchy". First published in French in the Revue Trimestrielle, Bruxelles, July 1860.

External links

"Anarchism", entry from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, (1910) by Peter Kropotkin.

[1] Wilbur, Shawn P. (2019). "Mutualism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 213–224. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_11. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[2] Ryley, Peter (2019). "Individualism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 225–236. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_12. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[3] Turcato, Davide (2019). "Anarchist Communism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 237–248. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_13. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[4] Kowal, Donna M. (2019). "Anarcha-Feminism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 265–280. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_15. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[5] Price, Andy (2019). "Green Anarchism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 281–292. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_16. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[6] Newman, Saul (2019). "Postanarchism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 293–303. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_17. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[7] van der Walt, Lucien (2019). "Syndicalism". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 249–264. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_14. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[8] Peter Kropotkin, "Anarchism", Encyclopædia Britannica 1910

[9] Graham, Robert (2019). "Anarchism and the First International". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 325–342. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_19. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[10] Yeoman, James Michael (2019). "The Spanish Civil War". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 429–448. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[11] Berry, David (2019). "Anarchism and 1968". In Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S. (eds.). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. pp. 449–470. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_25. ISBN 978-3-319-75619-6.

[dePuydt-12] P. E. de Puydt. "Panarchy". First published in French in the Revue Trimestrielle, Bruxelles, July 1860.

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