Arthropods are invertebrate animals having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and cuticle made of chitin, often mineralised with calcium carbonate. The arthropod body plan consists of segments, each with a pair of appendages. Arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical and their body possesses an external skeleton. In order to keep growing, they must go through stages of moulting, a process by which they shed their exoskeleton to reveal a new one. Some species have wings. They are an extremely diverse group, with up to 10 million species.
Arthropods are invertebrate animals with a chitinous exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed legs. The phylum Arthropoda contains numerous taxonomic orders in over 20 classes.
Subclass Monocondylia or Monochlamydia
edit- Order Archaeognatha – 350 (Jumping bristletails)
Subclass Dicondylia
edit- Order †Carbotriplurida
- Infraclass Thysanura
- Order Zygentoma – 370
- Infraclass Pterygota
- Order †Reculida
- Order †Perielytrodea
- Order †Eoblattida
- Clade Panephemeroptera
- Order †Protephemeroptera
- Order †Syntonopterodea
- Order †Permoplectoptera
- Order †Coxoplectoptera
- Order Ephemeroptera – 3,000 (Mayflies)
- Clade Odonataptera
- Order †Eugeroptera
- Order †Kukaloptera
- Order †Argentinoptera
- Order †Geroptera
- Order †Eomeganisoptera
- Order †Meganisoptera
- Order †Campylopterodea
- Order †Protanisoptera
- Order †Triadophlebioptera
- Order †Protozygoptera
- Order Odonata – 5,900 (Dragonflies and damselflies)
- Clade Palaeodictyopteroidea
- Order †Palaeodictyoptera
- Order †Archodonata
- Order †Diaphanopterodea
- Order †Megasecoptera
- Clade Polyneoptera
- Order †Paoliida
- Order †Protorthoptera (Paraphyletic assemblage of basal and stem polyneopterans)
- Order †Sheimiodea
- Order Zoraptera – 28 (Angel insects)
- Order †Archelytroidea
- Order †Protelytroptera
- Order Dermaptera – 1,816 (Earwigs)
- Order Plecoptera – 2,274 (Stoneflies)
- Order †Caloblattinidea
- Order †Alienoptera
- Order Mantodea – 2,200 (Mantises)
- Order Blattodea – 3,684–4,000 (Cockroaches and termites)
- Order Grylloblattodea – 34 (ice-crawlers)
- Order Mantophasmatodea – 15 (gladiators)
- Order Phasmatodea – 2,500–3,300 (Stick insects or stick-bugs)
- Order Embioptera – 200–300 (Webspinners)
- Order †Chresmododea
- Order †Cnemidolestida
- Order †Titanoptera
- Order †Caloneurodea
- Order Orthoptera – 24,380 (Grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, etc.)
- Clade Clareocercaria
- Order †Hypoperlida
- Order †Miomoptera
- Order Psocodea – 11,000 (Lice, bark lice, book lice)
- Order †Permopsocida
- Order Hemiptera – 50,000–80,000 (True bugs)
- Order †Lophioneurida
- Order Thysanoptera – 5,000 (Thrips)
- Clade Holometabola
- Order Hymenoptera – 115,000 (Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants)
- Order Strepsiptera – 596 (Twisted-wing parasites)
- Order Coleoptera – 360,000–400,000 (Beetles)
- Order †Glosselytrodea
- Order Raphidioptera – 210 (Snakeflies)
- Order Megaloptera – 250–300 (Alderflies, dobsonflies, and fishflies)
- Order Neuroptera – 5,000 (Net-winged insects)
- Order †Protomecoptera
- Order †Tarachoptera
- Order †Permotrichoptera
- Order Lepidoptera – 174,250 (Butterflies and moths)
- Order Trichoptera – 12,627 (Caddisfly)
- Order †Paratrichoptera
- Order †Protodiptera (Permotipula and Permila)
- Order Diptera – 152,956 (Flies)
- Order †Paramecoptera
- Order Nannomecoptera
- Order Mecoptera – 481 (Scorpionflies)
- Order Neomecoptera
- Order Siphonaptera – 2,525 (Fleas)
Class Entognatha
edit- Order Collembola (Springtails)
- Order Diplura (Diplurans)
- Order Protura (Coneheads)
Subphylum Chelicerata
edit- Order Xiphosurida
Class †Eurypterida
edit- Order †Eurypterida
- Order †Chasmataspidida
- Subclass Acari (Mites)
- Order Opilioacariformes
- Order Ixodida (Ticks)
- Order Holothyrida
- Order Mesostigmata
- Order Trombidiformes
- Order Oribatida (Beetle mites)
- Order Endeostigmata
- Subclass Megoperculata
- Order Amblypygi (Whip spiders)
- Order Araneae (Spiders)
- Order †Haptopoda
- Order Palpigradi (Microwhip scorpions)
- Order †Uraraneida
- Order Ricinulei (Hooded tickspiders)
- Order Schizomida (Short-tailed whip scorpions)
- Order Uropygi (Thelyphonida s.s., whip scorpions)
- Order †Trigonotarbida
- Subclass Dromopoda
- Order Opiliones (Harvestmen, also known as daddy longlegs)
- Order †Phalangiotarbida
- Order Pseudoscorpionida (Pseudoscorpions, or false scorpions)
- Order Scorpiones (True scorpions)
- Order Solifugae (Sun spiders or wind scorpions)
Class Pycnogonida
edit- Order Pantopoda (Sea spiders)
Class Chilopoda (Centipedes)
edit- Order Scutigeromorpha
- Order Lithobiomorpha (stone centipedes)
- Order †Devonobiomorpha
- Order Craterostigmomorpha
- Order Scolopendromorpha (tropical centipedes)
- Order Geophilomorpha (soil centipedes)
Class Diplopoda (Millipedes)
editSubclass Penicillata
edit- Order Polyxenida (Bristly millipedes)
Subclass Chilognatha
edit- Order †Zosterogrammida[1]
- Infraclasss †Arthropleuridea
- Order †Arthropleurida
- Order †Eoarthropleurida
- Order †Microdecemplicida
- Infraclass Pentazonia
- Order †Amynilyspedida
- Superorder Limacomorpha
- Order Glomeridesmida
- Superorder Oniscomorpha (Pill millipedes)
- Order Glomerida
- Order Sphaerotheriida (Giant pill millipedes)
- Infraclasss †Archipolypoda
- Order †Archidesmida
- Order †Cowiedesmida
- Order †Euphoberiida
- Order †Palaeosomatida
- Infraclass Helminthomorpha
- Order †Pleurojulida
- Order Platydesmida
- Order Polyzoniida
- Order Siphonocryptida
- Order Siphonophorida
- Superorder Juliformia
- Order Julida
- Order Siphoniulida
- Order Spirobolida
- Order Spirostreptida
- Superfamily †Xyloiuloidea (Sometimes aligned with Spirobolida)[2]
- Superorder Merocheta
- Order Polydesmida (Flat-backed millipedes)
- Superorder Nematophora
- Order Callipodida
- Order Chordeumatida
- Order Stemmiulida
- Order Hexamerocerata
- Order Tetramerocerata
- Order Scolopendrellida (garden centipedes)
- Order Scutigerellida
- Order †Agnostina
- Order †Henningsmoenicarida
- Order †Cambropachycopida
- Order †Cambrocarida
- Order †Martinssoniida
- Order †Phosphatocopida
- Order †Bostrichopodida
Class †Thylacocephala
edit- Order †Ainiktozoiformes
- Order †Concavicarida
- Order †Conchyliocarida
- Order †Enantiopoda
- Order Nectiopoda
Class Branchiopoda
edit- Subclass Sarsostraca
- Order Anostraca (Fairy shrimp)
- Order †Lipostraca
- Subclass Phyllopoda
- Infraclass Calmanostraca
- Order †Protocaridida
- Order †Kazacharthra
- Order Notostraca (Tadpole shrimp)
- Infraclass Diplostraca (Clam shrimp)
- Order Laevicaudata
- Order Spinicaudata
- Order Cyclestherida
- Order Cladocera (Water fleas)
- Infraclass Calmanostraca
Class Cephalocarida
edit- Order Brachypoda (Horseshoe shrimp)
Class Thecostraca
editSubclass Ascothoracida
edit- Order Dendrogastrida
- Order Laurida
Subclass Cirripedia (Barnacles)
edit- Infraclass Acrothoracica
- Order Cryptophialida
- Order Lithoglyptida
- Infraclass Rhizocephala
- Infraclass Thoracica
- Superorder Phosphatothoracica
- Order Iblomorpha
- Order †Eolepadomorpha
- Superorder Thoracicalcarea
- Order Calanticomorpha
- Order Pollicipedomorpha
- Order Scalpellomorpha
- Order †Archaeolepadomorpha
- Order †Brachylepadomorpha
- (unranked) Sessilia (Acorn barnacles)
- Order Balanomorpha
- Order Verrucomorpha
- Superorder Phosphatothoracica
Subclass Facetotecta
editClass Hexanauplia
edit- Infraclass Progymnoplea
- Order Platycopioida
- Infraclass Neocopepoda
- Clade Gymnoplea
- Order Calanoida
- Clade Podoplea
- Order Canuelloida
- Order Cyclopoida (incl. Poecilostomatoida)
- Order Gelyelloida
- Order Harpacticoida
- Order Misophrioida
- Order Monstrilloida
- Order Mormonilloida
- Order Siphonostomatoida
- Clade Gymnoplea
Class Branchiura
editClass Pentastomida (Tongue worms)
edit- Order Cephalobaenida
- Order Porocephalida
- Order Raillietiellida
- Order Reighardiida
Class Mystacocarida
edit- Order Mystacocaridida
- Order †Eridostracoda
Subclass †Leperditicopa
edit- Order †Leperditicopida
- Order thippslicus
- Order †Leiocopida
Subclass Palaeocopa
edit- Order Palaeocopida
- Order Myodocopida
- Order Halocyprida
- Order Platycopida
- Order Podocopida
Class Malacostraca (Malcostracans, such as crabs and lobsters)
editSubclass Eumalacostraca
edit- Superorder Syncarida
- Order Anaspidacea Calman, 1904
- Order Bathynellacea Chappuis, 1915
- Order †Palaeocaridacea
- Superorder †Eocarida
- Order †Eocaridacea
- Order †Pygocephalomorpha
- Superorder Peracarida
- Order Amphipoda (Includes freshwater shrimp and sandhoppers)
- Order Cumacea (Hooded shrimp)
- Order Isopoda (Isopods - includes wood lice)
- Order Lophogastrida
- Order Mictacea
- Order Mysida
- Order Spelaeogriphacea
- Order Stygiomysida
- Order Tanaidacea (Tanaids)
- Order Thermosbaenacea
- Superorder Eucarida
- Order Decapoda (Crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns, and shrimp)
- Order Euphausiacea (Krill)
- Order †Angustidontida
Subclass Hoplocarida
edit- Order Stomatopoda (Mantis shrimp)
- Order †Aeschronectida
- Order †Palaeostomatopoda
Subclass Phyllocarida
edit- Order ?†Discinocarida
- Order †Archaeostraca
- Order †Hoplostraca
- Order Leptostraca
no class
edit- Order †Emeraldellida
- Order †Cheloniellida
- Order †Sidneyiformes
Class †Protosutura
edit- Order †Acanthomeridiida
- Order †Aglaspidida
- Order †Strabopida
Order Retifaciida
editSubclass †Petalopleura
edit- Order †Sinoburiida
- Order †Xandarellida
Subclass †Nectopleura
edit- Order †Nectaspidida
Subclass †Conciliterga
edit- Order †Helmetiida †
- Order †Eodiscina
- Order †Olenellina
- Order †Asaphida
- Order †Aulacopleurida
- Order †Corynexochida
- Order †Harpetida
- Order †Redlichiida
- Order †Lichida
- Order †Phacopida
- Order †Proetida
- Order †Ptychopariida
Other classes
editno class
edit- Order †Isoxyida
- Order †Hymenocarina
- Order †Mollisoniida
- Order †Bradoriida
- Order †Burgessiida
- Order †Fuxianhuiida
- Order †Habeliida
Class †Megacheira
edit- Order †Leanchoiliida
- Order †Yohoiida
Class †Marrellomorpha
edit- Order †Acercostraca
- Order †Marrellida
Class †Dinocaridida
edit- Order †Radiodonta
- Order †Opabiniida
Class †Euthycarcinoidea
edit- Order †Euthycarcinida
References
edit- ^ Shear, William A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2010). "The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda". Arthropod Structure & Development. 39 (2–3): 174–190. Bibcode:2010ArtSD..39..174S. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002. PMID 19944188.
- ^ Hoffman, R.L. (1963). "New genera and species of Upper Paleozoic Diplopoda". Journal of Paleontology. 37 (1): 167–174. JSTOR 1301419.
- ^ "World Register of Marine Species". Retrieved 2021-08-24.
- ^ WoRMS (2021). Mystacocarida. Accessed at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1079 on 2021-08-23