Electronic Arts is an American company that is a developer, marketer, publisher, and distributor of video games, that was founded in 1982. Products of the company include EA Sports franchises, Sims, and other titles on both handheld and home gaming consoles.[1]
Electronic Arts often acquires new companies to expand or add to new product lines. For instance, EA chairman and chief executive officer Larry Probst said after the acquisition of JAMDAT Mobile that "we intend to build a leading global position in the [...] business of providing games on mobile phones".[2] EA followed through with this later, making the company into EA Mobile, and allowing people to purchase and download content produced by them directly onto their phones.[1] After the acquisition of Origin Systems, some staff in that company claimed that Electronic Arts initially gave them more resources, but allowed little latitude if employees made a mistake, and in some cases no longer trusted them, and even worked against them.[3][4] EA has shut down entire companies or the studios thereof after acquiring them, including the studio DICE Canada, Origin Systems, EA Chicago (NuFX), and Pandemic Studios.[5][6][7][8] Gaming blogger Brian Crecente has said that fears that EA doesn't care about the quality of their products after they are acquired are debatable.[9]
As of April 2021, Electronic Arts' largest acquisition is the purchase of Glu Mobile, for $2.4 billion. Of the 39 companies acquired by EA, 20 are based in the U.S., five in the United Kingdom, six in Continental Europe, and eight elsewhere. The majority of these companies and studios are now defunct, with some having been merged into other entities. Of the six companies which EA purchased a stake in, two remaining companies are based in the U.S., while three other U.S. companies are defunct. After acquiring a 19.9% stake in France-based Ubisoft in 2004, EA sold a remaining 14.8% stake in it in 2010.[10][11]
Each acquisition listed is for the entire company, unless otherwise noted. The acquisition date listed is the date of the agreement between Electronic Arts (EA) and the subject of the acquisition. Unless otherwise noted, the value of each acquisition is listed in U.S. dollars, because EA is headquartered in the U.S. If the value of the acquisition is not listed, then it is undisclosed. If the EA service that is derived from the acquired company is known, then it is also listed. According to data from Pitch Book via VentureBeat, the company has spent about $2.9 Billion on its 10 biggest acquisitions since 1992.[12]
Key
edit| † | Defunct |
| ‡ | Merged into surviving group |
| * | Electronic Arts sold stake |
Acquisitions
edit| Date | Company | Business | Country | Value (USD) | Derived Studios | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1987 | Batteries Included† | Hardware and software developer |  CAN
|
— | — | [13][14] | |
| 2 | July 1, 1991 | Distinctive Software Inc.‡ | Video game developer | CAN
|
— | EA Vancouver | [15] | |
| 3 | September 10, 1992 | Origin Systems† | Video game developer |  USA
|
$35,000,000 | — | [16] | |
| 4 | November 14, 1994 | DROsoft† | Software distributor |  ESP
|
— | — | [17] | |
| 5 | January 6, 1995 | Bullfrog Productions† | Video game developer |  UK
|
— | — | [18][19] | |
| 6 | March 8, 1995 | Kingsoft GmbH† | Software distributor |  GER
|
— | — | [20] | |
| 7 | January 29, 1996 | Manley & Associates‡ | Video game developer | USA
|
— | EA Seattle | [21] | |
| 8 | June 4, 1997 | Maxis† | Video game developer and publisher | USA
|
$125,000,000 | Maxis[note 1] | [22][23][24] | |
| 9 | April 2, 1998 | Tiburon Entertainment‡ | Video game developer | USA
|
— | EA Tiburon | [25] | |
| 10 | April 8, 1998 | Vision Software‡ | Software distributor |  RSA
|
— | Vision Software | [26] | |
| 11 | July 28, 1998 | ABC Software‡ | Software distributor |  CH
|
— | ABC Software | [27] | |
| 12 | August 17, 1998 | Westwood Studios; Virgin Interactive's North American Operations, Burst Studios† | Computer and video game developers | USA
|
$122,500,000 | EA Pacific†[note 2] | [28][29] | |
| 13 | September 8, 1999 | PlayNation‡ | Developer of online entertainment | USA
|
— | PlayNation | [30] | |
| 14 | November 22, 1999 | Kesmai† | Video game developer and online game publisher | USA
|
— | — | [31] | |
| 15 | February 24, 2000 | DreamWorks Interactive† | Video game developer | USA
|
— | Danger Close Games† | [32][33] | |
| 16 | February 28, 2001 | Pogo.com | Family games website | USA
|
— | — | [34] | |
| 17 | June 11, 2002 | Black Box Games† | Sports and racing video game developer | CAN
|
— | Quicklime Games† | [35][36][37] | |
| 18 | October 16, 2003 | Studio 33‡ | Racing video game developer | UK
|
— | EA Northwest | [38] | |
| 19 | February 13, 2004 | NuFX† | Sports video game developer | USA
|
— | EA Chicago† | [8][39] | |
| 20 | July 28, 2004 | Criterion Software | Video game developer | UK
|
$48,000,000 | — | [40][41] | |
| 21 | July 27, 2005 | Hypnotix† | Video game developer | USA
|
— | EA Tiburon | [42] | |
| 22 | December 8, 2005 | JAMDAT Mobile‡ | Mobile entertainment developer | USA
|
$680,000,000 | EA Mobile | [2] | |
| 23 | July 20, 2006 | Mythic Entertainment† | Computer game developer | USA
|
— | EA Mythic† | [43][44] | |
| 24 | August 23, 2006 | Phenomic Game Development† | Real-time strategy game developer | GER
|
— | EA Phenomic† | [45][46] | |
| 25 | October 2, 2006 | Digital Illusions CE (DICE)‡[note 3] | Video game developer |  SWE
|
— | EA DICE | [47] | |
| 26 | November 30, 2006 | Headgate Studios† | Video game developer | USA
|
— | EA Salt Lake† | [48] | |
| 27 | February 12, 2007 | SingShot Media‡ | Social network service | USA
|
— | Sims on Stage | [49][50] | |
| 28 | October 5, 2007 | Super Computer International‡ | Computer software developer | USA
|
— | EA Online Technology‡ | [51] | |
| 29 | October 11, 2007 | VG Holding Corp.† | Holding company of video game developers | USA
|
$775,000,000 | BioWare | Pandemic Studios† | [52] |
| 30 | May 21, 2008 | Hands-On Mobile‡ | Mobile video game developer and publisher |  ROK
|
— | EA Mobile Korea | [53] | |
| 31 | June 3, 2008 | ThreeSF† | Social network service | USA
|
— | — | [54] | |
| 32 | December 2, 2008 | J2MSoft† | Computer game developer | ROK
|
— | — | [55] | |
| 33 | Q1 Fiscal 2010 | J2Play† | Social network service | CAN
|
— | — | [56] | |
| 34 | November 9, 2009 | Playfish† | Social network game developer | UK
|
$400,000,000 | — | [57][58][59] | |
| 35 | October 20, 2010 | Chillingo† | Mobile video game publisher | UK
|
$20,000,000 | — | [60][61] | |
| 36 | May 3, 2011 | Mobile Post Production | Mobile video game developer and publisher | USA
|
— | — | [62] | |
| 37 | May 4, 2011 | Firemint | Mobile video game developer and publisher |  AUS
|
— | — | [63] | |
| 38 | July 12, 2011 | PopCap Games | Video game developer and publisher | USA
|
$750,000,000[note 4] | San Francisco & Seattle | Dublin† & Vancouver† | [37][64][65] |
| 39 | August 11, 2011 | Bight Games‡ | Trade Wars (mobile game) | CAN
|
— | Red Crow Studios | [66] | |
| 40 | June 1, 2012 | ESN | Social gaming product developers | SWE
|
— | — | [67] | |
| 41 | December 1, 2017 | Respawn Entertainment | Video game developer | USA
|
$315,000,000[note 5] | — | [68][69] | |
| 42 | May 1, 2018 | GameFly | Game streaming | USA
|
— | — | [70] | |
| 43 | July 9, 2018 | Industrial Toys† | Mobile video game developer | USA
|
— | — | [71] | |
| 44 | February 18, 2021 | Codemasters | Video game developer and publisher | UK
|
$1,200,000,000 | — | [72] | |
| 45 | April 29, 2021 | Glu Mobile | Mobile video game developer and publisher | USA
|
$2,400,000,000 | EA Mobile | [73] | |
| 46 | May 5, 2021 | Metalhead Software | Video game developer | CAN
|
— | — | [74] | |
| 47 | June 23, 2021 | Playdemic | Mobile video game developer | UK
|
$1,400,000,000 | — | [75] | |
Total: 47 companies
Stakes
edit| Date | Company | Business | Country | Value | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January 25, 1995 | Visual Concepts Entertainment[note 6] | Video game developer | USA
|
— | [76] |
| May 9, 1995 | NovaLogic†[note 7] | Video game developer and publisher | USA
|
— | [77] |
| March 11, 1997 | Accolade†[note 8] | Video game developer and publisher | USA
|
— | [78][79] |
| April 3, 1997 | Mpath Interactive†[note 9] | Computer game and online company | USA
|
— | [80][81] |
| August 4, 1998 | Kodiak Interactive Software Studios, Inc.†[note 10] | Video game developer | USA
|
— | [82][83] |
| December 24, 2004 | Ubisoft*[note 11] | Video game developer and publisher |  FRA
|
68.9 million euros | [10][11][84] |
Notes
edit- ^ While Maxis Emeryville was closed, other Maxis groups were consolidated into existing studios of EA. New studios using the brand name began opening in 2019.
- ^ Staff who choose to remain were absorbed into EA Los Angeles.
- ^ DICE Ontario was closed down; the Stockholm studio persists under the "EA DICE" label.
- ^ Includes $650 million in cash and the issuing of $100 million in EA common stock to certain shareholders of PopCap Games. Does not include additional cash possibly received based on earnings before interest and taxes milestones through December 2013.
- ^ Includes $151 million in cash and $164 million in equity.
- ^ EA purchased a minority stake, later sold to Take 2 Interactive.
- ^ EA purchased a minority stake, yet there is no mention of it on EA's Investor Page. Later sold to THQ Nordic in 2016
- ^ EA purchased a minority stake. Later purchased by Infogrames.
- ^ EA purchased a minority stake. On June 18, 2001, it was acquired by GameSpy and MPlayer.com was merged with GameSpy Arcade.
- ^ EA purchased a minority stake, but it later merged with Acclaim Entertainment.
- ^ EA initially purchased a 19.9% stake then-valued at 68.9 million euros, but then sold its remaining stake in July 2010 for 122 million U.S. dollars (94 million euros).
References
edit- ^ a b "Electronic Arts, Inc.: Full Description". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ a b "EA to Acquire JAMDAT Mobile Inc. -- the Leader in North American Mobile Interactive Entertainment; Accelerates EA's Objective of Global Expansion in Mobile". Jamdat Mobile Inc. 2005-12-08. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ "The Conquest of Origin pg. 2". Escapist. 2005-10-11. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ^ "The Conquest of Origin pg. 3". Escapist. 2005-10-11. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ^ Brendan Sinclair (2006-10-06). "EA shuts down DICE Canada". Gamespot. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ^ "EA to Shut Down Origin Systems". Gamepro. 2004-02-25. Archived from the original on 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ^ "EA closes Pandemic Studios unit". CNET. 2009-11-18. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
- ^ a b "EA Confirms EA Chicago is Closing". Kotaku. 2007-11-06. Archived from the original on 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
- ^ Caroline McCarthy (2007-10-11). "Electronic Arts pays $860 million for BioWare, Pandemic Studios". CNET. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
- ^ a b Business Wire (2004-12-24). "EA Invests in Ubisoft; Acquires Approximately 19.9 Percent Equity in Global Game Company". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ a b Ecorcheville, Ambroise; Angeline Benoit. "UPDATE: Electronic Arts Sells Ubisoft Shares, Ends 6-Year Link". Automated Trader. Dow Jones Newswires. Archived from the original on 2015-03-17. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
- ^ "Electronic Arts' biggest acquisitions: The good, the so-so, and the duds". 20 December 2017.
- ^ Ian Chadwick (1988). "Ian's Quest". ST-Log (20): 47.
- ^ Morrissey, James (2005-03-14). "Artist Showcase: Michael Reichmann". The Nature, Wildlife and Pet Photography Forum. Archived from the original on 2016-07-07. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
- ^ Software Industry Report (1997-06-04). "Electronic Arts; Distinctive Software Inc". AllBusiness. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ PR Newswire (1992-09-10). "Electronic Arts Announces Agreement to Acquire Origin Systems". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
- ^ Business Wire (1994-11-14). "Electronic Arts acquires distributor in Spain; forms third subsidiary in continental Europe". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "Electronic Arts to acquire leading European software developer, Bullfrog Productions Ltd". The Free Library. Business Wire. January 6, 1995. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
- ^ "Bullfrog Productions". IGN. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
- ^ Business Wire (1995-03-08). "Electronic Arts acquires distributor in Germany, Kingsoft GmbH". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Business Wire (1996-01-29). "Electronic Arts Acquires Software Developer Manley & Associates". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Business Wire (1997-06-04). "Electronic Arts and Maxis Inc. announce definitive agreement to merge; transaction valued at approximately $125 million". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Kain, Erik (2015-03-04). "'SimCity' Developer Shut Down By EA". Forbes. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
- ^ Sarkar, Samit (March 4, 2015). "EA shuts down Maxis Emeryville, studio behind SimCity". Polygon. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
- ^ Business Wire (1998-04-02). "Electronic Arts Acquires Software Developer Tiburon Entertainment; Leading Sports Game Developer Becomes Wholly-Owned Subsidiary". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Business Wire (1998-04-08). "Electronic Arts Acquires Vision Software PTY Ltd.; EA Moves Into Continent of Africa". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Business Wire (1998-07-28). "Electronic Arts Acquires ABC Software to Establish Direct Sales Organizations in Switzerland and Austria". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Business Wire (1998-08-17). "Electronic Arts to Buy Westwood Studios From Virgin Interactive Entertainment; EA to Acquire Creators of Command & Conquer in a Cash Transaction Valued at $122.5 Million". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "Westwood Studios, Inc". MobyGames. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
- ^ Business Wire (1998-09-08). "Electronic Arts Announces Acquisition of PlayNation; Online Entertainment Developer Adds to EA's Internet Content". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ PR Newswire (1999-11-22). "Electronic Arts Announces Agreement to Acquire News Corp. Online Game Unit, Kesmai". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
- ^ PR Newswire (2000-02-24). "Electronic Arts Acquires DreamWorks Interactive From Microsoft And DreamWorks SKG". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
- ^ Handrahan, Matthew (2013-06-14). "EA confirms dissolution of Danger Close". Videogames.biz. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
- ^ Business Wire (2001-02-28). "EA.com Acquires Leading Games Destination pogo.com; pogo.com's Popular Family Games Site Complements EA.com's Rich Content Games". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Business Wire (2002-06-11). "EA to Acquire Black Box Games Development Studio; Creators of Top-Selling Sports and Racing Games to Join EA". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "EA closing Vancouver studios PopCap and Quicklime in latest round of layoffs: report". Financial Post. 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
- ^ a b "Electronic Arts closing PopCap and Quicklime in latest layoffs to hit Vancouver's gaming sector". Vancouver Sun. 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
- ^ Electronic Arts (2003-10-16). "UK Developer Studio 33 Joins EA Worldwide Studios". Yahoo! Finance. Market Wire. Archived from the original on 2004-04-16. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
- ^ Electronic Arts (2004-02-13). "NuFX Joins EA Worldwide Studios; Long-Time Development Partner on NBA STREET and EA SPORTS Fight Night 2004 Acquired by EA". Business Wire. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
- ^ Business Wire (2004-07-28). "EA to Acquire Criterion Software Group from CANON EUROPE; EA Acquires UK Creator of Burnout 3 and RenderWare". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "EA pays $48 million for Criterion".
- ^ Gamespot (2009-07-27). "Electronic Arts acquires Hypnotix". Gamespot. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
- ^ "EA to Acquire Mythic Entertainment". Mythic Entertainment. 2006-06-20. Archived from the original on 2006-07-02. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
- ^ Sinclair, Brendan (2014-05-29). "Mythic shut down". Videogames.biz. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
- ^ Business Wire (2006-08-23). "EA Acquires Phenomic Game Development; Acclaimed Creators of Real Time Strategy Franchises Become EA's Newest Studio in Europe". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Handrahan, Matthew (2013-07-12). "EA Phenomic closed". Videogames.biz. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
- ^ "Digital Illusions CE". TeamXbox. 2006-10-02. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Business Wire (2006-11-30). "Headgate Studios Team Joins EA". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "EA Acquires Singshot Media". Electronic Arts. Business Wire. 2007-02-12. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
- ^ "Press Releases". Electronic Arts. Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ "EA Acquires Super Computer International". Electronic Arts. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
- ^ Letzing, John (2007-10-11). "Electronic Arts to buy game maker VG Holding". MarketWatch. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ "EA to Acquire Assets of Hands-On Mobile Korea". Electronic Arts. Business Wire. 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2015-03-15.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "EA Acquires ThreeSF". Electronic Arts. Business Wire. 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
- ^ "EA Acquires Korean Online Game Developer J2M". Electronic Arts. Business Wire. 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
- ^ "EA Reports First Quarter Fiscal Year 2010 Results". Electronic Arts. 2009-08-04. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
- ^ "Q2 Fiscal Year 2010 Results" (PDF).
- ^ Johnson, Bobbie (2009-11-09). "Playfish sells to Electronic Arts in deal worth up to $400m". The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
- ^ Sinclair, Brendan (2013-04-15). "EA shutting down Playfish games". Videogames.biz. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
- ^ "EA buys Angry Birds publisher Chillingo". Los Angeles Times. 2010-10-20. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
- ^ "Chillingo Limited". Companies House. Retrieved 2024-03-06.
- ^ "Electronic Arts Purchases MPP developer and Firemint". Game Beats. 2011-05-03. Retrieved 2011-05-11.
- ^ "Electronic Arts buys Aussie game maker Firemint". New Zealand Herald. 2011-05-04. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
- ^ "EA to Acquire PopCap Games". Business Wire. 2011-07-12. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
- ^ "96 jobs lost as PopCap closes Dublin office". The Daily Business Post. 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
- ^ "Electronic Arts Buys Purchases Charlottetown Video Game Developer". The Guardian. 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
- ^ "Electronic Arts Buys Online Gaming Studio ESN, The Developers Behind Battlefield's Battlelog Online Social Network". TechCrunch. 2012-09-16. Retrieved 2012-09-26.
- ^ McWhertor, Michael (November 9, 2017). "EA to acquire Titanfall developer Respawn". Polygon. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
- ^ Makuch, Eddie (December 5, 2017). "EA Now Owns Titanfall Developer Respawn". GameSpot. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
- ^ "Electronic Arts Acquires Cloud Gaming Technology & Talent | EA Press Room". ea.newshq.businesswire.com. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
- ^ "Electronic Arts Acquires Industrial Toys". Business Wire. July 9, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ "Electronic Arts and Codemasters Establish a New Global Powerhouse for Racing Videogames & Entertainment". Business Wire. February 18, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
- ^ Takahashi, Dean (April 29, 2021). "EA completes $2.4 billion acquisition of Glu Mobile". VentureBeat. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
- ^ Good, Owen (May 5, 2021). "EA Sports is getting back into baseball". Polygon. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
- ^ "Electronic Arts Acquires Playdemic, Makers of the Highly Successful Golf Clash Mobile Game, From Warner Bros. Games and AT&T". ir.ea.com. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
- ^ Business Wire (1995-01-25). "Electronic Arts takes equity stake in leading software developer, Visual Concepts Entertainment". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Business Wire (1995-05-09). "Electronic Arts invests in software publisher, NovaLogic; companies ink four-year distribution deal". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ Business Wire (1997-03-11). "Electronic Arts invests in Accolade; companies ink multiyear distribution deal". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "Accolade". IGN. Archived from the original on 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
- ^ Business Wire (1997-04-03). "Electronic Arts, Mpath announce online game agreement and investment". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "GameSpy Industries Completes Acquisition of Mplayer". GameSpy Press Release. GameZone. 2001-06-18. Archived from the original on 2006-04-08. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
- ^ Business Wire (1998-08-04). "Electronic Arts Enters Into Long Term Development Agreement and Makes Investment in Software Developer Kodiak Interactive; Salt Lake City Studio to Develop WCW Titles". The Free Library. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "Kodiak Interactive". IGN. Archived from the original on 2007-03-07. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
- ^ Bloomberg (2010-07-16). "Electronic Arts Sells 15% Stake in France's Ubisoft". Bloomberg Business Week. Archived from the original on July 19, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-05.