Wikipedia

List of monarchs of Nepal

(Redirected from List of Nepalese kings)

The monarchs of Nepal were members of the Shah dynasty who ruled over the Kingdom of Nepal from 1743 to its dissolution in 2008. However, from 1846 until the 1951 revolution, the country was de facto ruled by the hereditary prime ministers from the Rana dynasty, reducing the role of the Shah monarch to that of a figurehead.[1] In November 1990, after the Jana Andolan movement, the new Constitution was adopted and the country became a constitutional monarchy.[2] The monarchy was abolished on 28 May 2008 by the 1st Constituent Assembly and the country was declared a federal parliamentary republic, in the aftermath of the 2006 Loktantra Andolan movement.[3][4]

painting of Prithvi Narayan Shah
painting of Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah
photograph of Tribhuvan
photograph of Mahendra
photograph of Birendra
photograph of Gyanendra
From left to right, top to bottom: (a) Prithvi Narayan Shah, who began the unification process of the present-day country of Nepal; (b) Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah, during whose reign the British attacked Nepal and forced him to sign the Treaty of Sugauli, which defined the present-day borders; (c) Tribhuvan, who ended the Rana regime and reduced the role of the monarch to that of a figurehead; (d) Mahendra, who began direct rule by the king and introduced the Panchayat system; (e) Birendra, who made the country a constitutional monarchy; (f) Gyanendra, who was deposed and became the last king of Nepal.

Prithvi Narayan Shah ascended the throne of the Gorkha Kingdom in 1743 after the death of his father Nara Bhupal Shah.[5] He founded Nepal after invading Nuwakot in 1744 which started the unification process of the present-day country of Nepal.[6] Shah died on 11 January 1775 after ruling for over 31 years; by the end of his reign, he had won over Nuwakot, Makwanpur, and Nepal Valley.[7] Upon Prithvi Narayan's death, his son Pratap Singh Shah was appointed as the king.[8] He died prematurely at the age of 26 in 1777; on the same day, his young son, Rana Bahadur Shah, became king with his mother, Queen Rajendra, and later his uncle, Bahadur Shah, as regent.[9][10] Later Rana Bahadur abdicated the throne and his illegitimate son Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah became the king. [note 1] During the reign of Girvan, the Anglo-Nepalese War broke out, which ended with the signing of the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816, resulting in Nepal losing a third of its territory.[15] The king died on 20 November 1816 after contracting smallpox.[16] Rajendra Bikram Shah succeeded his father at the age of three under the regency of his step-grandmother Queen Lalita Tripura Sundari Devi and Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa.[17] He declared that he would rule Nepal only with the advice of Rajya Lakshmi Devi and handed her all of his powers which led to the Kot massacre in 1846.[18] After the massacre, Jung Bahadur Rana rose to power and de facto ruled the country and started the Rana dynasty who ruled the country for over a century.[19] The next year, Rajendra was imprisoned by Jung Bahadur at Hanuman Dhoka and his son Surendra Bikram Shah ascended the throne.[20] His powers were limited; he died in 1881, three years after his eldest son, Trailokya.[21] Surendra's grandson Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah became the king, but like his grandfather, he did not have many powers.[22] Prithvi died prematurely at the age of 36 and his five-year-old son, Tribhuvan, succeeded him.[23]

In 1950, Tribhuvan went into exile at the Indian Embassy in a campaign aimed at removing the Ranas from power, in response Gyanendra, grandson of Tribhuvan was named the new king of Nepal by the Rana government.[24] Tribhuvan returned to Nepal after a mutual agreement between Ranas (which ended the Ranas rule) and was crowned the king again in 1951.[25] Upon Tribhuvan's death, Mahendra became king in 1955.[26] In 1960, he began the party-less political system, Panchayat.[27] During a hunting event, he suffered a heart attack, and his son Birendra assumed the throne in 1975, two years after his father's death.[28][29] In 1990, pro-democracy riots broke out in Nepal, resulting in the country becoming a constitutional monarchy.[30] On 1 June 2001, the Nepalese royal family were killed in a mass shooting, including the king, and the government named Birendra's son Dipendra as the perpetrator.[31] Dipendra went into a coma after shooting himself and was declared king while in the coma; he died in hospital three days later.[32][33] His uncle Gyanendra was crowned again and his reign saw the growing insurgency of the Nepalese Civil War.[34] In 2008, Gyanendra stepped down as the king of Nepal and the country became the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.[35][36]

Monarchs

edit
NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImage
Prithvi Narayan Shah
  • The Great[37]
  • पृथ्वीनारायण शाह
(1723-01-11)11 January 1723[38][39] – 11 January 1775(1775-01-11) (aged 52)[5][27]3 April 1743[40][note 2]11 January 1775 (31 years, 314 days)[5][27]Son of Nara Bhupal ShahShah 
Pratap Singh Shah
  • प्रतापसिंह शाह
(1751-04-16)16 April 1751[16] – 17 November 1777(1777-11-17) (aged 26)[42]11 January 1775[43]17 November 1777 (2 years, 310 days)[43]Son of Prithvi Narayan ShahShah 
Rana Bahadur Shah
  • रण बहादुर शाह
(1775-05-25)25 May 1775[44] – 25 April 1806(1806-04-25) (aged 30)[45]17 November 1777[44]8 March 1799 (21 years, 111 days)[14]
(abdicated)		Son of Pratap Singh ShahShah 
Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah
  • गीर्वाणयुद्ध विक्रम शाह
(1797-10-19)19 October 1797[46] – 20 November 1816(1816-11-20) (aged 19)[47][48]8 March 1799[49][20]20 November 1816 (17 years, 257 days)[47][48]Son of Rana Bahadur ShahShah 
Rajendra Bikram Shah
  • राजेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह
(1813-12-03)3 December 1813[16] – 10 July 1881(1881-07-10) (aged 67)[16]20 November 1816[50][42]12 May 1847 (30 years, 173 days)[51]
(abdicated)		Son of Girvan Yuddha Bikram ShahShah 
Surendra Bikram Shah
  • सुरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह
October 1829[52] – 17 May 1881(1881-05-17) (aged 51)[53]12 May 1847[20]17 May 1881 (34 years, 5 days)[53]Son of Rajendra Bikram ShahShah 
Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah
  • पृथ्वी वीर बिक्रम शाह
(1875-08-08)8 August 1875[54][55] – 11 December 1911(1911-12-11) (aged 36)[56]17 May 1881[57][58]11 December 1911 (30 years, 208 days)[56]Grandson of Surendra Bikram ShahShah 
Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah
(1st reign)
  • त्रिभुवन वीर बिक्रम शाह
(1906-06-30)30 June 1906[56] – 13 March 1955(1955-03-13) (aged 48)[59]11 December 1911[60]7 November 1950 (38 years, 331 days)[59]
(went into exile)		Son of Prithvi Bir Bikram ShahShah 
Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah
(1st reign)
  • ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाह
 (1947-07-07) 7 July 1947 (age 77)[33]7 November 1950[61]7 January 1951 (61 days)[24]
(stepped down)		Grandson of Tribhuvan Bir Bikram ShahShah 
Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah
(2nd reign)
  • त्रिभुवन वीर बिक्रम शाह
(1906-06-30)30 June 1906[56]  – 13 March 1955(1955-03-13) (aged 48)[59]7 January 1951[62]13 March 1955 (4 years, 65 days)[59]Son of Prithvi Bir Bikram ShahShah 
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah
  • महेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाह
(1920-06-11)11 June 1920[63] – 31 January 1972(1972-01-31) (aged 51)[64]13 March 1955[65]31 January 1972 (16 years, 324 days)[64]Son of Tribhuvan Bir Bikram ShahShah 
Birendra Bir Bikram Shah
  • वीरेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाह
(1945-12-28)28 December 1945[66][67] – 1 June 2001(2001-06-01) (aged 55)[31][68]31 January 1972[note 3][68]1 June 2001 (29 years, 121 days)[31][68]
(assassinated)		Son of Mahendra Bir Bikram ShahShah 
Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah
  • दीपेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाह
(1971-06-27)27 June 1971[69] – 4 June 2001(2001-06-04) (aged 29)[70]1 June 2001[note 4][32]4 June 2001 (3 days)[70]
(declared braindead)		Son of Birendra Bir Bikram ShahShah 
Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah
(2nd reign)
  • ज्ञानेन्द्र वीर बिक्रम शाह
 (1947-07-07) 7 July 1947 (age 77)[33] – present4 June 2001[71]28 May 2008 (6 years, 359 days)[72]
(deposed)		Son of Mahendra Bir Bikram ShahShah 

Timeline

edit
Gyanendra Bir Bikram ShahDipendra Bir Bikram ShahBirendra Bir Bikram ShahMahendra Bir Bikram ShahTribhuvan Bir Bikram ShahGyanendra Bir Bikram ShahTribhuvan Bir Bikram ShahPrithvi Bir Bikram ShahSurendra Bikram ShahRajendra Bikram ShahGirvan Yuddha Bikram ShahRana Bahadur ShahPratap Singh ShahPrithvi Narayan Shah

References

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ The king married Maithili Brahman widow Kantavati Jha after taking an oath to make their illegitimate son the heir apparent. Rana Bahadur Shah had two wives and children before marrying Kantavati.[11][12] At Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah's birth, he was declared as the crown prince; within a year of his birth, Kantavati contracted tuberculosis and, in order to see Girvan become the king, Rana Bahadur abdicated the throne and placed his first wife, Raj Rajeshwari, as regent.[13][14]
  2. ^ as King of Gorkha Kingdom[41]
  3. ^ He was officially crowned on 24 February 1975.[29]
  4. ^ Reigned whilst in a coma, following the royal massacre.[70]

Citations

edit
  1. ^ J. Demy, Timothy; M. Shaw, Jeffrey (19 September 2019). Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 328. ISBN 978-1-4408-3933-7. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  2. ^ Momen, Md Nurul (2020). Building Sustainable Communities. Springer Nature. p. 158. ISBN 978-981-15-2393-9. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  3. ^ "Deposed Nepal king surrenders crown". The Guardian. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  4. ^ "Nepalese celebrate opening of new era and end of monarchy (Published 2008)". The New York Times. 28 May 2008. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  5. ^ a b c Shrestha, Nanda R. (8 February 2017). Historical Dictionary of Nepal. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-4422-7770-0. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  6. ^ Devi, Sanasam Sandhyarani (28 December 2011). India Nepal Relations: Historical, Cultural and Political Perspective. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 10. ISBN 978-93-82573-35-7. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  7. ^ Bhattarai, Krishna P. (2009). Nepal. Infobase Publishing. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-1-4381-0523-9. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  8. ^ Aryal, Krishna Raj (1975). Monarchy in the Making of Nepal. Aryal. p. 51. ASIN B0006CNNJW. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  9. ^ Parajulee, Ramjee P. (2000). The Democratic Transition in Nepal. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-8476-9577-5. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  10. ^ Adhikari, Indra (12 June 2015). Military and Democracy in Nepal. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-317-58906-8. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  11. ^ Rajopadhyaya, Alish (8 August 2020). "Rana Bahadur Shah: This 'insane' king of Nepal was also an example of social reforms". OnlineKhabar. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  12. ^ Gregson, Jonathan (5 June 2002). Massacre at the Palace: The Doomed Royal Dynasty of Nepal. Miamax. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7868-6878-0. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  13. ^ Rolamba. Joshi Research Institute. 1985. p. 16. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  14. ^ a b Stiller, Ludwig F. (1993). Nepal: Growth of a Nation. Human Resources Development Research Center. p. 39. ASIN B0000CQTQ3. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  15. ^ Śreshṭha, Buddhi Nārāyaṇa (2003). Border Management of Nepal. Bhumichitra. p. 30. ISBN 978-99933-57-42-1. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  16. ^ a b c d Shreshtha, Chuda Bahadur (2004). Nepal, Coping with Maoist Insurgency. Chetana Lokshum. p. 282. ISBN 978-99946-31-88-9. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  17. ^ Digby, William (1890). A Friend in Need, 1857; Friendship Forgotten, 1887: An Episode in Indian Foreign Office Administration. Indian Political Agency. p. 32. ISBN 978-1103767182. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  18. ^ Singh, Mahendra Man (30 June 2013). Forever Incomplete: The Story of Nepal. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-81-321-1805-3. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  19. ^ Kosinski, L. A.; Elahi, K. M. (6 December 2012). Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 112. ISBN 978-94-009-5309-3. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  20. ^ a b c Manandhar, Vijay Kumar (2004). A Comprehensive History of Nepal-China Relations Up to 1955 A.D. Adroit Publishers. p. 234. ISBN 978-81-87392-45-3. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  21. ^ Chambers's Encyclopaedia. G. Newnes. 1959. p. 276. ISBN 978-1343836129. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  22. ^ Aryal, I. R.; Dhungyal, T. P. (1970). A New History of Nepal. Voice of Nepal; [distributor: Educational Enterprise. p. 184. ASIN B0000CQPYF. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  23. ^ Steinberg, S. (27 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1962: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. Springer. p. 1235. ISBN 978-0-230-27091-6. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  24. ^ a b Gautama, Rājeśa (2005). Nepali Congress. Adroit Publishers. p. 355. ISBN 978-81-87392-61-3. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  25. ^ Tuladhar, Daman Raj (1980). Contemporary Nepal, 1945-1955. Laxmi Publications. p. 22. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  26. ^ Liu, Siyuan (5 February 2016). Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre. Routledge. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-317-27886-3. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  27. ^ a b c Pradhan, Kumar (1991). The Gorkha Conquests: The Process and Consequences of the Unification of Nepal, with Particular Reference to Eastern Nepal. Oxford University Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0195627237.
  28. ^ Background Notes, Nepal. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division. 1984. p. 4. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  29. ^ a b Weinraub, Bernard (24 February 1975). "World's Only Hindu King Is Crowned in Nepal Ritual (Published 1975)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  30. ^ Bentley, Tom; Wilsdon, James (2002). Monarchies: What are King and Queens For?. Demos. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-84180-039-4. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  31. ^ a b c Bearak, Barry (8 June 2001). "A Witness To Massacre in Nepal Tells Gory Details (Published 2001)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  32. ^ a b Praagh, David Van (2003). The Greater Game: India's Race with Destiny and China. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7735-2639-6. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  33. ^ a b c East, Roger; Thomas, Richard J. (3 June 2014). Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge. p. 375. ISBN 978-1-317-63940-4. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  34. ^ "Profile: Nepal's ex-king Gyanendra". BBC. 11 June 2008. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  35. ^ Sengupta, Somini (29 May 2008). "Nepal Reborn as a Republic (Published 2008)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  36. ^ Monk, Katie (9 June 2008). "Nepal hails a new republic". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  37. ^ Rose, Leo E. (1971). Nepal; Strategy for Survival. University of California Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-520-01643-9.
  38. ^ "People Observe Prithvi Jayanti". SpotlightNepal. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  39. ^ Hyolmo, Kunga. "298th Prithvi Jayanti observed across the country (with photos)". My Republica. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  40. ^ Bowman, John S. (5 September 2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-231-50004-3. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  41. ^ Bowman, John S. (5 September 2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-231-50004-3. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  42. ^ a b Shaha, Rishikesh (1990). Modern Nepal: 1769–1885. Riverdale Company. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-913215-64-7. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  43. ^ a b Driem, George van (20 July 2011). A Grammar of Limbu. Walter de Gruyter. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-11-084681-2. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  44. ^ a b Coleman, Arthur Percy (1999). A special corps: the beginnings of Gorkha Service with the British. Pentland. p. 15. ISBN 978-1858216065. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  45. ^ Savada, Andrea Matles (1993). Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8444-0777-7. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  46. ^ Roy, Barun (25 December 2012). Gorkhas and Gorkhaland. Barun Roy. p. 262. ISBN 978-981-07-8646-5. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  47. ^ a b Yadav, Alok Kumar; Jha, Jivesh (6 July 2020). Socio-Legal Impacts Of COVID-19: Comparative Critique of Laws in India and Nepal. Rajmangal Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 978-9390216024. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  48. ^ a b Hopkins, Donald R. (15 September 2002). The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History. University of Chicago Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-226-35168-1. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  49. ^ Contributions to Nepalese studies. Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University. 1985. p. 182. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  50. ^ Karmacharya, Ganga (2005). Queens in Nepalese Politics: An Account of Roles of Nepalese Queens in State Affairs, 1775–1846. Educational Publishing House. p. 89. ISBN 978-99946-33-93-7. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  51. ^ Kumar, Satish (1967). Rana Polity in Nepal; Origin and Growth. Asia Publishing House. p. 48. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  52. ^ Karki, Yuba Raj Singh (1983). Nepal Almanac: A Book of Facts. Y.R.S. Karki. p. 41. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  53. ^ a b C, Kaisher Bahadur K. (1977). Nepal After the Revolution of 1950. Sharada Prakashan Griha. p. 5. ASIN B0006CSO6O. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  54. ^ Bhattarai, Madan Kumar (1990). Diplomatic History of Nepal, 1901–1929: A Critical Appraisal of Nepal-British India Relations. Madan Kumar Bhattarai. p. 145. ISBN 978-81-85304-11-3. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  55. ^ The International Yearbook and Statesmen's Who's who. Kelly's Directories. 1953. p. 17. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  56. ^ a b c d Shrestha, Ramesh (2007). Nepalese Coins & Bank Notes (1911 to 1955 Ce). Kazi Madhusudan Raj Bhandary. p. 11. ISBN 978-9937-2-0034-9. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  57. ^ Mainali, Kashi Kanta (2000). Political Dimensions of Nepal, 1885–1901 A.D. R. Mainali. p. 28. ISBN 978-99933-50-10-1. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  58. ^ Scott-Keltie, J. (27 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book. Springer. p. 1225. ISBN 978-0-230-27036-7. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  59. ^ a b c d Lentz, Harris M. (4 February 2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 571. ISBN 978-1-134-26490-2. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  60. ^ Zahnd, Alexander (25 January 2014). The Role of Renewable Energy Technology in Holistic Community Development. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 421. ISBN 978-3-319-03989-3. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  61. ^ Gopal, Neeraj (1995). India and the Small Powers in South Asia: A Study in Indo-Nepalese Relations. RBSA Publishers. p. 6. ISBN 978-81-85813-49-3. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  62. ^ Jha, Raj Kumar (1986). The Himalayan Kingdoms in Indian Foreign Policy. Maitryee Publications. p. 92. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  63. ^ Amatya, Jagdish Man Singh (1961). Picturesque Nepal. Nepal., Ratna Pustak Bhandar. p. 1163. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  64. ^ a b Publications, Europa (2 September 2003). A Political Chronology of Central, South and East Asia. Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-135-35680-4. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  65. ^ Jha, Braj Kishore (1973). Indo-Nepalese Relations, 1951–1972. Vora. p. 53. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  66. ^ Goenka, Shyam (2001). Memoirs of King Birendra. Goenka Publications. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-901011-1-0. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  67. ^ Shaha, Rishikesh (1990). Three Decades and Two Kings (1960–1990): Eclipse of Nepal's Partyless Monarchic Rule. Sterling Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 9788120712171. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  68. ^ a b c Riaz, Ali; Basu, Subho (2007). Paradise Lost?: State Failure in Nepal. Lexington Books. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-7391-1426-1. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  69. ^ Group, Gale; 60th 96–97 (1996). The International Who's Who: 1996–97. Europa Publications. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-85743-021-9. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ a b c The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2005. p. 385. ISBN 978-1-57488-942-0. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  71. ^ Vaughn, Bruce (21 October 2012). Nepal: Political Developments and Bilateral Relations with the United States. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4379-8848-2. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  72. ^ Heath-Brown, Nick (7 February 2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. p. 875. ISBN 978-1-349-57823-8. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=List_of_monarchs_of_Nepal&oldid=1249075061"