Le Vaillant (French: The Valiant)[1] (died 4 June 1916) was a pigeon used by the French Army in the First World War. The bird was the last held at Fort Vaux before it was overrun in the Battle of Verdun. Le Vaillant carried a message from the fort's commander Sylvain Reynal to his senior officers requesting reinforcements but was mortally wounded in flight. The bird was posthumously appointed to the Legion of Honour and is commemorated by a plaque at the fort.
Background
editFort Vaux was a fortification guarding the north-east approach to the city of Verdun. The fort was besieged by German forces during the 1916 Battle of Verdun and by early June the remaining French garrison was under the command of Commandant Sylvain Raynal.[2] Telephone connection between the fort and the Verdun citadel had been severed by German troops and Raynal's only means of communication was by messenger pigeon, of which he had four.[3][4]
With German attacks continuing to gain ground Raynal sent the first of his pigeons on 2 June. The message requested that artillery fire be directed upon the fort against German troops that had occupied its upperworks. The pigeon arrived at the citadel, despite injury but had lost the ring containing the message.[4] Raynal's penultimate bird was received and was awarded the Croix de Guerre for its flight.[5]
Flight of 4 June
edit
On 4 June Raynal released his last pigeon, number 787.15, named Le Vaillant.[6][7] The message he bore included the text "we are holding. But ... relief is imperative ... This is my last pigeon".[1] Le Vaillant had been affected by gas released from German shells and was revived by a number of trips to a loophole in Raynal's command post.[3] He set off at 11:30 a.m.[7]
Le Vaillant delivered the message to the dovecot at the citadel.[4] The bird was grievously wounded and died in the hands of the citadel's pigeon master.[8][5] Because of the message, five relief parties were sent to reinforce Raynal, arriving on 5 June.[7] The garrison lacked water and ammunition and Raynal was forced to surrender his position and 600 surviving troops on 7 June.[7][2]
Legacy
editLe Vaillant was posthumously appointed to the Legion of Honour, the only pigeon to be so rewarded during the war.[1][9] The diploma of the award hung in the headquarters of the French army signals units.[5] Le Vaillant was stuffed and preserved and is now in the Mont Valérien Military Pigeon Museum in Suresne.[1][10] Le Vaillant was commemorated by a series of postcards issued after the war.[7][11] He was formally recorded as Mort pour la France (died for France).[11] A plaque memoralising the bird, with a depiction of him, is in the courtyard of Fort Vaux, being erected by the pigeon fanciers societies of France on 24 June 1929.[11][12] The French Army perpetuates the history of messenger pigeons and the 8th Signal Regiment maintains a dovecote of 200 pigeons for ceremonial use and in case of all other communications being lost.[10]
See also
edit- Valiant (film) - about a Second World War British messenger pigeon named Valiant.
References
edit- ^ a b c d Tucker, Spencer C. (28 October 2014). World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p. 353. ISBN 978-1-85109-965-8.
- ^ a b Gilbert, Martin (5 June 2014). The First World War: A Complete History. Rosetta Books. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-7953-3723-9.
- ^ a b "7 things you (probably) didn't know about Verdun". HistoryExtra. 21 February 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ a b c "Histoires 14-18 : Le Vaillant, le dernier pigeon du commandant Raynal". France 3 Grand Est (in French). 6 July 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Osman, Alfred Henry (1928). Pigeons in the Great War: A Complete History of the Carrier-pigeon Service During the Great War, 1914 to 1918. "Racing pigeon" publishing Company, Limited. p. 54.
- ^ "Le Vaillant and his peers". Chemins de mémoire. French army ministry.
- ^ a b c d e "Postcard, 'The Last Pigeon of Fort de Vaux'". Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- ^ Everette, Susanne (November 1986). Wars of the 20th Century. Smithmark Pub. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-8317-9303-6.
- ^ Small, Steve (2002). Home Fronts, Technologies of War. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-7234-6.
- ^ a b "France's army platoon of carrier pigeons is one of its kind in Europe". Connexion France. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ a b c "Postcard, 'Au Pigeon de Verdun'". Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ Abram, David (2003). The Rough Guide to France. Rough Guides. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-84353-056-5.