Landing craft mechanized

The landing craft mechanized (LCM) is a landing craft designed for carrying vehicles. They came to prominence during the Second World War when they were used to land troops or tanks during Allied amphibious assaults.

Variants

There was no single design of LCM used, unlike the landing craft, vehicle, personnel (LCVP) or landing craft assault (LCA) landing craft made by the US and UK respectively. There were several different designs built by the UK and US and by different manufacturers.

The British motor landing craft (MLC) was conceived and tested in the 1920s and was used from 1924 in exercises. Nine were in service at the start of the war. It was the first purpose built tank landing craft. It was the progenitor of all subsequent LCM designs.

LCM (1)

Two British LCM(1)s after the Dieppe Raid 1942

The landing craft, mechanised Mark I, was an early British model. It was able to be slung under the davits of a liner or on a cargo ship boom with the result that it was limited to a 16-ton tank.^[1]^{[clarification needed]}

The LCM Mark I was used during the Allied landings in Norway (one alongside the MLCs),^[2] and at Dieppe and some 600 were built.

Displacement: 35 tonnes
Length: 13.6 m (44 ft 7 in)
Width: 4.27 m (14 ft 0 in)
Draught: 1.22 m (4 ft 0 in)
Machinery: two Chrysler 100 hp petrol engines
Speed: 7 knots
Crew: 6 men
Armament: two .303 in. Lewis guns
Capacity: one medium tank, or 26.8 tons of cargo or 60 troops^{[clarification needed]}
- 100 men^[3]
- 54,500 lb (24.3 long tons) with 9 in (23 cm) of freeboard^[4]^{[page needed]}

LCM (2)

The first American LCM design, from the US Navy's Bureau of Construction and Repair. Approximately 150 were built by American Car & Foundry and Higgins Industries.

Displacement: 29 tons
Length: 45 ft (14 m)
Beam: 14 ft 1 in (4.3 m)
Draft: 3 ft (0.91 m)
Speed: 8.5 knots (15.7 km/h)
Armament: two .50-cal M2 Browning machine guns
Crew: 4
Capacity; 100 troops, or one 13.5 ton tank, or 15 tons of cargo

LCM (3)

Higgins LCM-6 at Battleship Cove

There were two designs:

Bureau

Capable of carrying 120,000 lb (54,000 kg) of cargo

Higgins

In appearance very similar to the LCVP which Higgins Industries also constructed, with a 10-foot (3.0 m) wide load area at the front and a small armoured (1/4 inch steel) wheelhouse on the aft decking over the engine room. A vessel claiming to be a Higgins LCM-3 is on display at the Battleship Cove maritime museum in Fall River, Massachusetts, however this vessel has the superstructure and overall length of an LCM-6.^[5] Another Higgins LCM-3 is displayed at the Museo Storico Piana delle Orme in Province of Latina, Italy, 18 miles east of Anzio.^[6]

Displacement: 52 tons (loaded); 23 tons (empty) ^{[clarification needed]}
Length: 50 feet (15 m)
Beam: 14 feet (4.3 m)
Draft: 3 feet (0.91 m) (forward); 4 feet (1.2 m) (aft)
Speed: 8 knots (9.2 mph) (loaded); 11 knots (13 mph) (empty)
Armament: two .50-cal M2 Browning machine guns
Crew: 4
Capacity: One 30-ton tank^{[clarification needed]} (e.g. M4 Sherman), 60 troops, or 60,000 lb (27,000 kg) of cargo

LCM (4)

In 1943 and 1944, seventy-seven LCM(4)s were built.^[7] Externally, the LCM(4) resembled a late model LCM(1) but inside the pontoon special bilge pumps and ballast tanks allowed the LCM(4) to alter trim to increase stability when partially loaded.

LCM (5)

British model of LCM

LCM (6)

The LCM (6) was an LCM (3) extended by 6 feet (1.8 m) amidships.

Power plant:
- 2 Detroit 6-71 diesel engines; 348 hp (260 kW) sustained; twin shaft; or
- 2 Detroit 8V-71 diesel engines; 460 hp (340 kW) sustained; twin shaft
Length: 56.2 feet (17.1 m)
Beam: 14 feet (4.3 m)
Displacement: 64 tons (65 tonnes) full load
Speed: 9 knots (10.3 mph, 16.6 km/h)
Range: 130 miles (240 km) at 9 knots (17 km/h)
Military lift: 34 tons (34.6 tonnes) or 80 troops
Crew: 5

Many LCM-6s were later adapted for the Mobile Riverine Force in the Vietnam War. Some were modified as armored troop carriers (ATCs or "Tangos"), others became "monitors" with 105 mm guns, "Zippos" with flamethrowers or "Charlie" command variants.

A few LCMs were converted to lay and repair hoses for tankers equipped with the offshore petroleum discharge system (OPDS).^[8]

LCM (7)

British model of LCM

LCM (8)

LCM-8 during landing exercises in the Caribbean in March 1972

General characteristics, LCM 8 Type

Power plant: four 6-71 six-cylinder diesels, two hydraulic transmissions, two propeller shafts. (Lighterage Division, Naval Support Activity Danang 1969-1970) crew of 3: coxswain, bowhook, and engineer (aka "snipe")
Power plant: 2 Detroit 12V-71 diesel engines; 680 hp (510 kW) sustained; twin shafts
Length: 73.7 feet (22.5 m)
Beam: 21 feet (6.4 m)
Displacement: 105 tons^{[clarification needed]} (106.7 tonnes) full load
Speed: 12 kn (13.8 mph, 22.2 km/h)
Range: 190 nmi (350 km) at 9 knots (17 km/h) full load
Capacity: 53.5 tons (54.4 tonnes)
Military lift: one M48 or one M60 tank or 200 troops
Crew: 5

Operators

Turkey – Turkish Naval Forces^[9]
United States – United States Navy, U.S. Army 7th Transportation Brigade Expeditionary
Thailand – Royal Thai Navy
Australia – Royal Australian Navy
Australia – Australian Army
Spain – Spanish Navy
El Salvador – Navy of El Salvador
New Zealand – Royal New Zealand Navy
Egypt – Egyptian Navy
Saudi Arabia – Royal Saudi Navy
Pakistan - Pakistan Navy
Japan - Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Vietnam - Vietnam People's Navy

Former operators

Notes

^ William F Buckingham. D-Day the First 72 hours Tempus Publishing, Stroud. 2004
^ Maund 1949, p. 41
^ "French Riverine Craft". Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
^ Norman Friedman U.S. Amphibious Ships and Craft: An Illustrated Design History Naval Institute Press, 2002 9781557502506
^ "Landing Craft Mechanized". battleshipcove.org. Archived from the original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
^ "Info about Piana delle Orme museum on site about Anzio". Retrieved 2021-09-24.
^ Ladd, 1976, p. 44
^ "Offshore Petroleum Discharge System (OPDS)". GlobalSecurity.org.
^ "Ç-302 LCM CLASS". 24 March 2013.

References

Gordon L. Rottman & Tony Bryan, Landing Ship, Tank (LST) 1942–2002, New Vanguard series 115, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2005. ISBN 9781841769233
Gordon L. Rottman & Hugh Johnson, Vietnam Riverine Craft 1962–75, New Vanguard series 128, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2006. ISBN 9781841769318
Gordon L. Rottman & Peter Bull, Landing Craft, Infantry and Fire Support, New Vanguard series 157, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2009. ISBN 9781846034350
Maund, LEH Assault From the Sea, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London 1949.

External links

[1] William F Buckingham. D-Day the First 72 hours Tempus Publishing, Stroud. 2004

[2] Maund 1949, p. 41

[3] "French Riverine Craft". Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2009-01-05.

[4] Norman Friedman U.S. Amphibious Ships and Craft: An Illustrated Design History Naval Institute Press, 2002 9781557502506

[5] "Landing Craft Mechanized". battleshipcove.org. Archived from the original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-03-20.

[6] "Info about Piana delle Orme museum on site about Anzio". Retrieved 2021-09-24.

[7] Ladd, 1976, p. 44

[8] "Offshore Petroleum Discharge System (OPDS)". GlobalSecurity.org.

[9] "Ç-302 LCM CLASS". 24 March 2013.

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