Kim Hyong-jik

Kim Hyong-jik
Chosŏn'gŭl	김형직
Hancha	金亨稷
Revised Romanization	Gim Hyeongjik
McCune–Reischauer	Kim Hyŏngjik

Seonsaeng^[1]
Kim Hyong-jik
Seonsaeng Kim Hyong-jik
김형직
	Kim in 1921
Born	10 July 1894; Mangyongdae, Joseon
Died	5 June 1926 (aged 31); Jilin Province, Republic of China
Spouse	Kang Pan Sok
Children	Kim Il Sung; Kim Chol-ju; Kim Yong-ju
Parent(s)	Kim Pohyŏn; Yi Poik
Relatives	Kim family

Kim Hyong-jik (Korean: 김형직; 10 July 1894 – 5 June 1926) was a Korean independence activist during Japanese rule. He was the father of the North Korean founder Kim Il Sung, the paternal grandfather of Kim Jong Il, and a great-grandfather of the current leader of North Korea, Kim Jong Un.

Biography

Little is known about Kim. Born on 10 July 1894,^[2]^{[unreliable source?]} in the small village of Mangyongdae, situated atop a peak called Mangyungbong (만경봉(萬景峰),"All-Seeing Peak") just 12 kilometers downstream on the Taedong River from Pyongyang, Kim was the son of Kim Pohyŏn (1871–1955).^[3]^[4] Kim attended Sungshil School (평양숭실학교), which was run by American missionaries, and became a teacher at the Sunhwa school (순화학교) in Mangyongdae in 1913 and the Christian Myongsin school (명신학교) in Ponghwa-ri, Kangdong County in 1916 and later worked as a herbal pharmacist. According to the North Korean official sources, he died as a result of numerous medical problems, including third-degree frostbite.

Kim and his wife attended Christian churches,^[5] and Kim even served as a part-time Protestant missionary.^[6] It was reported that his son, Kim Il Sung, attended church services during his teenage years before becoming an atheist later in life.^[5]

Kim Il Sung often spoke of his father's idea of chiwŏn (지원(志遠), righteous aspirations).

Kim Jong Il's official government biography states that his grandfather was "the leader of the anti-Japanese national liberation movement and was a pioneer in shifting the direction from the nationalist movement to the communist movement in Korea".^[7] Kim Hyong-jik is claimed by North Korea to have convened an important meeting of independence activists in November, 1921 memorialized at the Sansong Revolutionary Site.

Family

Father: Kim Pohyŏn (3 October 1871 – 2 September 1955)
- Paternal grandfather: Kim Ŭngu (17 June 1848 – 4 October 1878)
- Paternal grandmother: Lady Yi (이씨)
Mother: Yi Poik (이보익; 31 May 1876 – 18 October 1959)
Two brothers
- Kim Hyŏngnok (김형록)
- Kim Hyŏnggwŏn (4 November 1905 – 12 January 1936)
Three sisters
- Kim Kuil (김구일)
- Kim Hyŏngsil (김형실)
- Kim Hyŏngpok (김형복)
Wife: Kang Pan Sok
- First son: Kim Il Sung (15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994)
- Second son: Kim Chol-ju [ko] (12 June 1916 – 14 June 1935)
- Third son: Kim Yong-ju (1920–2021)

Kim Song-ryeong
1810–1899

Kim Ung-u
1848–1878

Kim Bo-hyon
1871–1955

Kim Hyong-jik
1894–1926

Kang Pan-sok
1892–1932

Kim Jong-suk
1917–1949

Kim Il Sung
1912–1994

Kim Song-ae
1924–2014

Kim Yong-ju
1920–2021

Kim Young-sook
1947–

Song Hye-rim
1937–2002

Kim Jong Il
1941?^[ζ]–2011

Ko Yong-hui
1952–2004

Kim Ok
1964–

Kim Kyong-hui
1946–

Jang Song-thaek
1946–2013

Kim Pyong Il
1954–

Kim Sol-song
1974–

Kim Jong-nam
1971–2017

Kim Jong-chul
1981–

Kim Jong Un
1983?^[η]–

Ri Sol-ju
c. 1986–

Kim Yo-jong
1987–

Kim Han-sol
1995–

Kim Ju-ae
c. 2012^[θ]–

Notes:

^ To keep the tree of manageable size, it omits five out of the seven known legitimate children of Kim Il Sung. Other children not shown in the tree are: Kim Man-il (1944-1947; child of Kim Jong Suk), Kim Kyong-jin (1952-; child of Kim Song-ae), Kim Yong-il (1955-2000; child of Kim Song-ae), and Kim Kyong Suk (1951-; child of Kim Song-ae). A stillborn daughter is also omitted. Kim Il Sung was reported to have had other children with women who he was not married to; they included Kim Hyŏn-nam (born 1972). Also, only some of the descendants of Kim Jong Il and Kim Jung Un (Kim Il Sung's successors) are included.
^ Korean names often have a variety of transliterations into English, which can be confusing. For example, "Kim Jong-chul" may also be written "Gim Jeong-cheol" or "Kim Jŏng-ch'ŏl" among many other variations. See Korean romanization for more information.
^ Huss, Kan; Frost, Clay. "North Korea's First Family: Mapping the personal and political drama of the Kim clan". msnbc.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2013. (Confirms many, but not all, of the birth and death years. See individual articles for more references.)
^ Yan, Holly (16 February 2017). "The world's most mysterious family tree: Kim Jong Un's secretive dynasty is full of drama, death". Design by Alberto Mier. CNN. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
^ Lee, Sung-Yoon (2023). "The Mount Paektu Dynasty (Family Tree)". The Sister: The extraordinary story of Kim Yo Jong, the most powerful woman in North Korea. United Kingdom: Macmillan. p. x-xi. ISBN 9781529073539.
^ Official North Korean biographies of Kim Jong Il list his birth year as 1942. The Korean calendar is based upon the Chinese zodiac which is believed to characterize one's personality. The year 1942 (Year of the Horse), in addition to being 30 years since Kim Il Sung's birth may be viewed as a better year than others, thus creating a motive to lie about a birth year.
^ Official North Korean biographies of Kim Jong Un list his birth year as 1982. The Korean calendar is based upon the Chinese zodiac which is believed to characterize one's personality. The year 1982 (Year of the Dog), in addition to being 70 years since Kim Il Sung's birth, may be viewed as a better year than others, thus creating a motive to lie about a birth year.
^ Birth year for Kim Ju-ae is not publicly known. She may have been born in either late 2012 or early 2013.

References

^ 김형직선생의 지원의 사상은 영원히 빛날것이라고 나이제리아단체 강조. Uriminzokkiri. 28 March 2016. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
^ Baik Bong, Kim Il Sung, Volume I: From Birth to the Triumphant Return to the Homeland (Dar al-Talia Publishers: Beirut Lebanon, 1973) p. 19.
^ Hyung-chan Kim (2003). "Kim Jong Il's North Korea and Its Survivability". Korea and World Affairs. 27. Korea: Pʻyŏnghwa Tʻongil Yŏnʼguso: 251. ISSN 0251-3072. OCLC 3860590. One also has to accept the existence of Kim Bo-hyeon (1871–1955), Kim Il-sung's grandfather, who participated in anti-Japanese activities.
^ Gourevitch, Philip (8 September 2003). "Alone in the dark". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Kim Il Sung killer file". Moreorless : Heroes and killers of the 20th century. Archived from the original on 5 December 2005.
^ Lankov, Andrei (17 August 2011). "Kim Il-sung: disastrous founder of communist N. Korea". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
^ Kim Jong Il: Short Biography (PDF). Pyongyang: Foreign Languages Publishing House. p. 2. OCLC 79301411.

Kim Hyong-jik

Contents

Biography

Family

References

Further reading